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Difference between revisions of "Solar Water Heaters in Latin America - Market Development"
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| − | = Overview = | + | = Overview<br/> = |
The use and outreach of solar thermal energy differs significantly across Latin American countries. Some countries play a global role, while others have only a limited installation of solar thermal applications like solar water heaters (SWH). | The use and outreach of solar thermal energy differs significantly across Latin American countries. Some countries play a global role, while others have only a limited installation of solar thermal applications like solar water heaters (SWH). | ||
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The biggest market in Latin America is [[Brazil Energy Situation|Brazil]] with a capacity of more than 7.7 GWth in 2014 (third globally after China and Turkey). This is demonstrated through municipal building regulations, social housing programmes and the economic competitiveness of solar thermal are favourable in Brazil. | The biggest market in Latin America is [[Brazil Energy Situation|Brazil]] with a capacity of more than 7.7 GWth in 2014 (third globally after China and Turkey). This is demonstrated through municipal building regulations, social housing programmes and the economic competitiveness of solar thermal are favourable in Brazil. | ||
| − | [[Mexico Energy Situation|Mexico]] is rapidly installing new capacities (ranked 11<sup>th</sup> in 2013 globally) while SWH markets in other countries, such as: [[Colombia Energy Situation|Colombia]], [[Peru Energy Situation|Peru]], [[El Salvador Energy Situation|El Salvador]] and Guatemala, are also picking -up speed – growing even without public incentives.<ref name="REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf ">REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf </ref> | + | [[Mexico Energy Situation|Mexico]] is rapidly installing new capacities (ranked 11<sup>th</sup> in 2013 globally) while SWH markets in other countries, such as: [[Colombia Energy Situation|Colombia]], [[Peru Energy Situation|Peru]], [[El Salvador Energy Situation|El Salvador]] and Guatemala, are also picking -up speed – growing even without public incentives.<ref name="REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf">REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf </ref> |
| − | However, although solar water heaters have emerged as an option for institutional, commercial and service sectors, numbers for the residential sector are still low. An UNEP report from 2015 concludes that there are still significant barriers, such as limited trained personnel, a lack of awareness among the general public and academia, and insufficient standards and certification schemes to ensure quality of solar water heaters.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, | + | However, although solar water heaters have emerged as an option for institutional, commercial and service sectors, numbers for the residential sector are still low. An UNEP report from 2015 concludes that there are still significant barriers, such as limited trained personnel, a lack of awareness among the general public and academia, and insufficient standards and certification schemes to ensure quality of solar water heaters.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.</ref> |
The following text shows experiences in various Latin American countries. | The following text shows experiences in various Latin American countries. | ||
| − | = Country Examples = | + | = Country Examples<br/> = |
== Case Study Peru == | == Case Study Peru == | ||
| − | Although there is no specific regulatory framework in place, there are several instruments promoting SWH. For example, according to the Referential Plan (2009) for efficient energy use 2009-2018, 100,000 electric water heaters shall be substituted by solar water heaters.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, | + | Although there is no specific regulatory framework in place, there are several instruments promoting SWH. For example, according to the Referential Plan (2009) for efficient energy use 2009-2018, 100,000 electric water heaters shall be substituted by solar water heaters.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.</ref> |
| − | Consequently, the solar thermal market in Peru (including both flat plate an evacuated tube collectors) has grown from 47 MWth in 2008 to 95 MWth in 2014. From all SWH installed, over 89% are the glazed flat plate collector type. Manufacturing, importing and distributing enterprises are mostly located in the southern part of the country, with Arequipa being the centre of the manufacturing. This is mirrored by the fact that over 90% of SWH installed are in Arequipa. SWH users are predominantly households (85%), followed by hotels (11%).<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, | + | Consequently, the solar thermal market in Peru (including both flat plate an evacuated tube collectors) has grown from 47 MWth in 2008 to 95 MWth in 2014. From all SWH installed, over 89% are the glazed flat plate collector type. Manufacturing, importing and distributing enterprises are mostly located in the southern part of the country, with Arequipa being the centre of the manufacturing. This is mirrored by the fact that over 90% of SWH installed are in Arequipa. SWH users are predominantly households (85%), followed by hotels (11%).<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.</ref> |
For a project example please read: | For a project example please read: | ||
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== Case Study Brazil == | == Case Study Brazil == | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | Brazil has a good supporting structure for solar thermal applications. The social housing programme “Minha Casa, Minja Vida” (My House, My Life) mandates the installation of SWH for every poor family. As of 2013, more than 183,000 SWH were installed. The residential sector is comprised of 60% of these installations with the social housing sector contributing 19% of this. The commercial sector and process heat have a smaller market share with 18% and 3% respectively. | + | Brazil has a good supporting structure for solar thermal applications. The social housing programme “Minha Casa, Minja Vida” (My House, My Life) mandates the installation of SWH for every poor family. As of 2013, more than 183,000 SWH were installed. The residential sector is comprised of 60% of these installations with the social housing sector contributing 19% of this. The commercial sector and process heat have a smaller market share with 18% and 3% respectively.<ref name="REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf">REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf </ref><br/> |
| − | Brazil has a National Solar Heating Department (DASOL) that aims to develop the market for SWH and coordinates the different stakeholders within the sector. | + | Brazil has a National Solar Heating Department (DASOL) that aims to develop the market for SWH and coordinates the different stakeholders within the sector.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref><br/> |
| − | The National Institute of Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Standards Quality has developed certifications for solar heating equipment since 1998. Since 2000, electricity bills include a 0.5% levy to fund SWH. Furthermore, there is the energy efficiency support programme, PROESCO, to provide financing for eligible projects and several subnational mandates and laws. E.g. since 2007, Sao Paulo mandates that at least 40% of all water heating needs should be generated from solar energy . Many municipalities also provide local tax incentives for solar water heating.<ref name=" | + | The National Institute of Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Standards Quality has developed certifications for solar heating equipment since 1998. Since 2000, electricity bills include a 0.5% levy to fund SWH. Furthermore, there is the energy efficiency support programme, PROESCO, to provide financing for eligible projects and several subnational mandates and laws. E.g. since 2007, Sao Paulo mandates that at least 40% of all water heating needs should be generated from solar energy. Many municipalities also provide local tax incentives for solar water heating.<ref name="IRENA, ‘Renewable Energy Policy Brief: Brazil’ (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Brazil.pdf.">IRENA, ‘Renewable Energy Policy Brief: Brazil’ (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Brazil.pdf.</ref><br/> |
<div><div id="ftn2"><div> | <div><div id="ftn2"><div> | ||
== Case Study Mexico == | == Case Study Mexico == | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | The SWH market in Mexico grew by a substantial 23% in five years. There are domestic manufacturers, such as Módulo Solar, as well as foreign manufacturers active in the Mexican SWH market. | + | The SWH market in Mexico grew by a substantial 23% in five years. There are domestic manufacturers, such as Módulo Solar, as well as foreign manufacturers active in the Mexican SWH market. In the 25,000 solar thermal rooves programs, GTZ estimated an average system size of two square meters and costs of 8,900 Mexican Peso (USD 684). Experiences show that the payback period for a SWH system is 8.7 years. Costs, however, may vary.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref><br/> |
| − | In | + | '''Policies''': [http://www.gob.mx/conuee La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía (Conuee)] coordinates all activities in the SWH sector and leads the solar water heating programme 2014-2018. In this programme technical and scientific capacities (installation and design) are increased and SWH are installed.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref><br/> |
| − | + | '''Standards''': The CONUEE publishes standards, certification and testing methodologies for solar thermal systems. In order to receive financing from the [http://www.vpmeco.mx/home Hipoteca Verde loan program], systems need to comply with the DTESTV (i.e. Dictamen Técnico de Energía Solar Térmica en Vivienda). A significant proportion of the current SWH systems in Mexico were financed through this loan scheme.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref><br/> | |
| − | ''' | + | '''Testing''': Mexico has four laboratory testing facilities that perform national certification tests based on DTESTV quality standard.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref><br/> |
| − | |||
| − | |||
Association: [http://anes.org/ National Association of Solar Energy]<br/> | Association: [http://anes.org/ National Association of Solar Energy]<br/> | ||
<div><div id="ftn2"> | <div><div id="ftn2"> | ||
| − | [[# | + | *[[Water_Heating|https://energypedia.info/wiki/Water_Heating#Mexico:_25.2C000_Solar_Roofs_Programme]] |
| − | </div></div></div></div> | + | *The SWH programme in Mexico (in Spanish): [http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/calentamiento-solar-de-agua-programa-de-calentamiento-solar-de-agua-2014-2018 http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/calentamiento-solar-de-agua-programa-de-calentamiento-solar-de-agua-2014-2018] |
| + | *The UNEP SHW initiative in Mexico (in Spanish): [http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/iniciativa-pnud-conuee-calentadores-solares-de-agua http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/iniciativa-pnud-conuee-calentadores-solares-de-agua] | ||
| + | *The certification of SWH products in Mexico (in Spanish) [http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/certificacion-de-productos-calentamiento-solar-de-agua?state=published http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/certificacion-de-productos-calentamiento-solar-de-agua?state=published] | ||
| + | *Mexico: Ongoing Struggle over Legally Binding Standards: [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-ongoing-struggle-over-legally-binding-standards http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-ongoing-struggle-over-legally-binding-standards] | ||
| + | *The German cooperation in Mexico (in German): [https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2013-de-energie-ist-entwicklung-mexiko.pdf https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2013-de-energie-ist-entwicklung-mexiko.pdf] | ||
| + | *Feasibility Study on “Leasing for the financing of solar thermal systems at MSME” [http://www.sparkassenstiftung.de/en/projects/projects/projekt/machbarkeitsstudie-leasing-zur-finanzierung-von-thermischen-solaranlagen-in-kkmu.html http://www.sparkassenstiftung.de/en/projects/projects/projekt/machbarkeitsstudie-leasing-zur-finanzierung-von-thermischen-solaranlagen-in-kkmu.html]<br/> | ||
| + | <div> | ||
| + | == Case Study Chile == | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | Chile’s solar thermal market grew by 55% (from 4.8 MWth to 40.7 MWth) between 2006 and 2011.However, as of 2011, Chile’s SWH market penetration was still relatively small with only 2.35 kWth /1000 people. As of December 2013, Chile also did not have a dedicated target or loan programme for SWH installations.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Costs''': Glazed, flat plate collectors constituted 100% of the residential SWH market during 2013. The typical collector area is 2 - 4 m<sup>2</sup> with a tank size from 200 -300 litres and average cost of US$ 1,900. This results in a calculated payback persio of 5.3 years. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Certification''': While Chile lacks international or regional certification and labelling it does have: solar thermal standards, testing facilities, a national standards body, and national certification and labelling. The Chilean Association for Solar Energy (Asociacion Chilena de Energia Solar or “ACESOL”) aims to unite the public and private solar power divisions.<ref name="Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.">Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | *More information regarding Chile’s current SWH program can be found on the Ministry of Energy website: [http://www.programasolar.cl www.programasolar.cl]<br/> | ||
| + | <div> | ||
| + | == Case Study Argentina == | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | *[http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/argentina-presidents-system-order-and-planned-energy-price-hikes-boost-solar-thermal http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/argentina-presidents-system-order-and-planned-energy-price-hikes-boost-solar-thermal] | ||
| + | <div> | ||
| + | == Case Study Nicaragua == | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | *[http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/nicaragua-soft-loan-fund-eur-4-million-project http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/nicaragua-soft-loan-fund-eur-4-million-project] | ||
| + | <div> | ||
| + | = Further Information = | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | *[[index.php|Solar portal on energypedia]] | ||
| + | *[[Category:Solar_Heater|All solar heater articles on energypedia]] | ||
| + | *[[Solar_Thermal_Technologies|Solar Thermal Technologies]] | ||
| + | *[[Solar_Water_Heater|Solar Water Heater]] | ||
| + | *Many articles on solar thermal technologies in Latin America can be found on the solar platform Sopelia: [http://www.energiasolar.lat/en/tag/solar-thermal-energy-in-latin-america/ http://www.energiasolar.lat/en/tag/solar-thermal-energy-in-latin-america/] | ||
| + | *REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, [http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf] | ||
| + | *Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. ''Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru.'' UNEP, Devision of technology, industry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries] | ||
| + | *Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. [http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf] | ||
| + | *Forum on Quality Assurance for Solar Water Heaters, San José - Costa Rica, 29 June 2015 to 30 June 2015: including identification of key actors in some countries, status quo of standardization about SWH in the region, experiences about SWH testing laboratories, and some experiences from Chile, Uruguay, and Costa Rica [https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?id=6608 https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?id=6608] and [https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&file=fileadmin/redakteure/dokumente/Q53_LAC/Regional_Projects/Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy_Sources/Expert_Report-SWH_Forum-_V1_IZ-V2_Final.pdf&t=1521814244&hash=f6a68b9404f37bd3b9f05e577a91bb1d38882e86 https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&file=fileadmin/redakteure/dokumente/Q53_LAC/Regional_Projects/Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy_Sources/Expert_Report-SWH_Forum-_V1_IZ-V2_Final.pdf&t=1521814244&hash=f6a68b9404f37bd3b9f05e577a91bb1d38882e86] | ||
| + | *Shannon, Steven Jacob. ‘Placing Technology: Examining the Emerging Use of Solar Water Heaters in Oaxaca, Mexico’, 2011. [https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4200 https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4200]. This study is an examination of the (broadly envisioned) process that has led to the emerging us e of solar water heaters in Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico. In 2007, Mexico launched a major policy initiative designed to encourage the use of solar water heaters in the residential sector throughout the country. As this policy has been implemented, over one hundred thousand solar water heaters have been installed on new homes and many people are beginning to encounter this technology for the first time. This policy has been successful in placing solar water heaters on the rooftops of new homes, but problems with how some of them are functioning threaten the long-term prospects of diffusion of the technology. The study shows that while solar water heaters have the potential to carry positive environmental and economic benefits at the household level, there are also many potential and actual scenarios in which the technology can have detrimental effects. | ||
| + | <div> | ||
| + | = References = | ||
| + | <references /> | ||
| + | </div></div></div></div></div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Chile]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Brazil]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Peru]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Latin_America]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Solar]] | ||
[[Category:Solar_Heater]] | [[Category:Solar_Heater]] | ||
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Revision as of 11:50, 23 March 2017
Overview
The use and outreach of solar thermal energy differs significantly across Latin American countries. Some countries play a global role, while others have only a limited installation of solar thermal applications like solar water heaters (SWH).
The biggest market in Latin America is Brazil with a capacity of more than 7.7 GWth in 2014 (third globally after China and Turkey). This is demonstrated through municipal building regulations, social housing programmes and the economic competitiveness of solar thermal are favourable in Brazil.
Mexico is rapidly installing new capacities (ranked 11th in 2013 globally) while SWH markets in other countries, such as: Colombia, Peru, El Salvador and Guatemala, are also picking -up speed – growing even without public incentives.[1]
However, although solar water heaters have emerged as an option for institutional, commercial and service sectors, numbers for the residential sector are still low. An UNEP report from 2015 concludes that there are still significant barriers, such as limited trained personnel, a lack of awareness among the general public and academia, and insufficient standards and certification schemes to ensure quality of solar water heaters.[2]
The following text shows experiences in various Latin American countries.
Country Examples
Case Study Peru
Although there is no specific regulatory framework in place, there are several instruments promoting SWH. For example, according to the Referential Plan (2009) for efficient energy use 2009-2018, 100,000 electric water heaters shall be substituted by solar water heaters.[2]
Consequently, the solar thermal market in Peru (including both flat plate an evacuated tube collectors) has grown from 47 MWth in 2008 to 95 MWth in 2014. From all SWH installed, over 89% are the glazed flat plate collector type. Manufacturing, importing and distributing enterprises are mostly located in the southern part of the country, with Arequipa being the centre of the manufacturing. This is mirrored by the fact that over 90% of SWH installed are in Arequipa. SWH users are predominantly households (85%), followed by hotels (11%).[2]
For a project example please read:
Case Study Brazil
Brazil has a good supporting structure for solar thermal applications. The social housing programme “Minha Casa, Minja Vida” (My House, My Life) mandates the installation of SWH for every poor family. As of 2013, more than 183,000 SWH were installed. The residential sector is comprised of 60% of these installations with the social housing sector contributing 19% of this. The commercial sector and process heat have a smaller market share with 18% and 3% respectively.[1]
Brazil has a National Solar Heating Department (DASOL) that aims to develop the market for SWH and coordinates the different stakeholders within the sector.[3]
The National Institute of Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Standards Quality has developed certifications for solar heating equipment since 1998. Since 2000, electricity bills include a 0.5% levy to fund SWH. Furthermore, there is the energy efficiency support programme, PROESCO, to provide financing for eligible projects and several subnational mandates and laws. E.g. since 2007, Sao Paulo mandates that at least 40% of all water heating needs should be generated from solar energy. Many municipalities also provide local tax incentives for solar water heating.[4]
Case Study Mexico
The SWH market in Mexico grew by a substantial 23% in five years. There are domestic manufacturers, such as Módulo Solar, as well as foreign manufacturers active in the Mexican SWH market. In the 25,000 solar thermal rooves programs, GTZ estimated an average system size of two square meters and costs of 8,900 Mexican Peso (USD 684). Experiences show that the payback period for a SWH system is 8.7 years. Costs, however, may vary.[3]
Policies: La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía (Conuee) coordinates all activities in the SWH sector and leads the solar water heating programme 2014-2018. In this programme technical and scientific capacities (installation and design) are increased and SWH are installed.[3]
Standards: The CONUEE publishes standards, certification and testing methodologies for solar thermal systems. In order to receive financing from the Hipoteca Verde loan program, systems need to comply with the DTESTV (i.e. Dictamen Técnico de Energía Solar Térmica en Vivienda). A significant proportion of the current SWH systems in Mexico were financed through this loan scheme.[3]
Testing: Mexico has four laboratory testing facilities that perform national certification tests based on DTESTV quality standard.[3]
Association: National Association of Solar Energy
- https://energypedia.info/wiki/Water_Heating#Mexico:_25.2C000_Solar_Roofs_Programme
- The SWH programme in Mexico (in Spanish): http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/calentamiento-solar-de-agua-programa-de-calentamiento-solar-de-agua-2014-2018
- The UNEP SHW initiative in Mexico (in Spanish): http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/iniciativa-pnud-conuee-calentadores-solares-de-agua
- The certification of SWH products in Mexico (in Spanish) http://www.gob.mx/conuee/acciones-y-programas/certificacion-de-productos-calentamiento-solar-de-agua?state=published
- Mexico: Ongoing Struggle over Legally Binding Standards: http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/mexico-ongoing-struggle-over-legally-binding-standards
- The German cooperation in Mexico (in German): https://www.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2013-de-energie-ist-entwicklung-mexiko.pdf
- Feasibility Study on “Leasing for the financing of solar thermal systems at MSME” http://www.sparkassenstiftung.de/en/projects/projects/projekt/machbarkeitsstudie-leasing-zur-finanzierung-von-thermischen-solaranlagen-in-kkmu.html
Case Study Chile
Chile’s solar thermal market grew by 55% (from 4.8 MWth to 40.7 MWth) between 2006 and 2011.However, as of 2011, Chile’s SWH market penetration was still relatively small with only 2.35 kWth /1000 people. As of December 2013, Chile also did not have a dedicated target or loan programme for SWH installations.[3]
Costs: Glazed, flat plate collectors constituted 100% of the residential SWH market during 2013. The typical collector area is 2 - 4 m2 with a tank size from 200 -300 litres and average cost of US$ 1,900. This results in a calculated payback persio of 5.3 years.
Certification: While Chile lacks international or regional certification and labelling it does have: solar thermal standards, testing facilities, a national standards body, and national certification and labelling. The Chilean Association for Solar Energy (Asociacion Chilena de Energia Solar or “ACESOL”) aims to unite the public and private solar power divisions.[3]
- More information regarding Chile’s current SWH program can be found on the Ministry of Energy website: www.programasolar.cl
Case Study Argentina
Case Study Nicaragua
Further Information
- Solar portal on energypedia
- Solar Thermal Technologies
- Solar Water Heater
- Many articles on solar thermal technologies in Latin America can be found on the solar platform Sopelia: http://www.energiasolar.lat/en/tag/solar-thermal-energy-in-latin-america/
- REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf
- Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, industry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries
- Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf
- Forum on Quality Assurance for Solar Water Heaters, San José - Costa Rica, 29 June 2015 to 30 June 2015: including identification of key actors in some countries, status quo of standardization about SWH in the region, experiences about SWH testing laboratories, and some experiences from Chile, Uruguay, and Costa Rica https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?id=6608 and https://www.ptb.de/lac/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&file=fileadmin/redakteure/dokumente/Q53_LAC/Regional_Projects/Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy_Sources/Expert_Report-SWH_Forum-_V1_IZ-V2_Final.pdf&t=1521814244&hash=f6a68b9404f37bd3b9f05e577a91bb1d38882e86
- Shannon, Steven Jacob. ‘Placing Technology: Examining the Emerging Use of Solar Water Heaters in Oaxaca, Mexico’, 2011. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4200. This study is an examination of the (broadly envisioned) process that has led to the emerging us e of solar water heaters in Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico. In 2007, Mexico launched a major policy initiative designed to encourage the use of solar water heaters in the residential sector throughout the country. As this policy has been implemented, over one hundred thousand solar water heaters have been installed on new homes and many people are beginning to encounter this technology for the first time. This policy has been successful in placing solar water heaters on the rooftops of new homes, but problems with how some of them are functioning threaten the long-term prospects of diffusion of the technology. The study shows that while solar water heaters have the potential to carry positive environmental and economic benefits at the household level, there are also many potential and actual scenarios in which the technology can have detrimental effects.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 REN21, ‘Renewables 2015. Global Status Report. Annual Reporting on Renewables: Ten Years of Excellence’, 2015, http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Abdelhai, Amr, and Wilson Rickerson. ‘Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessement.’ UNEP, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2014. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-03-04/swh_techscope_assessement_report.pdf.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Abdelhai, Amr, and Alejandro Espin. Solar Water Heating Techscope Market Readiness Assessment. Reports for Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru. UNEP, Devision of technology, indurstry and economics, and OLADE, Global Solar Water Heating Initiative, 2015. http://www.solarthermalworld.org/content/swh-techscope-market-readiness-assessment-six-latin-american-countries.
- ↑ IRENA, ‘Renewable Energy Policy Brief: Brazil’ (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2015), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Latin_America_Policies_2015_Country_Brazil.pdf.
