Turkey Energy Situation
Overview
| Turkey | |||
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Capital |
Ankara | ||
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Official language(s) |
Turkish | ||
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Government |
Parliamentary Republic | ||
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President |
Abdullah Gül | ||
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Prime Minister |
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | ||
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Total area |
783,562 km2 | ||
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Population |
74,724,269 | ||
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Rural-Population |
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Urban-Population |
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Population Density |
97 persons per km2 | ||
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Average Household Size |
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GDP (nominal) |
$774.336 billion | ||
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GDP per Capita |
$10,362 | ||
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Currency |
Turkish Lira (TRY) | ||
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Time Zone |
EET (UTC+2) | ||
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Calling Code |
+90 | ||
Energy situation
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Energy Supply and Consumption
Secure energy supply remains essential also for Turkey. In this context, significant progress has been made recently in legal and technical terms which include restructuring Turkey's energy market on a competitive transparent basis, identifying and utilizing our domestic and renewable resource potentials, making nuclear energy a part of electricity production, and making use of energy efficiency and new energy technologies.
Between 1990 and 2008 in our country, annual average rate of increase in primary energy demand was realized as 4,3%. Among other OECD countries, Turkey has had the highest rate of energy demand increase of the past 10 years. Similarly, since 2000, Turkey has been the second largest economy after China for having the highest rate of increase in electricity and gas demand. Projections by our Ministry show that this trend will continue in the medium run.
In 2008, total primary energy consumption of Turkey was realized as 106,3 million TEP, while production was at 29,2 million TEP. Of total energy supply, gas comes first (32%) which is followed up by petrol (29,9%), coal (29,5%), and renewable energy sources including hydraulic (8,6%). Based on the reference scenario, our primary energy consumption is expected to increase by 4% annually by 2020.
Electricity
Having been realized as 198,1 billion kWh in 2008, Turkey's gross electricity consumption decreased by 2,42%, regressing to 193,3 billion kWh in 2009. Compared to the previous year (198,4 billion kWh), Turkey's electricity generation also decreased this year by 2,02%, regressing to 194,1 billion kWh. Turkey's electricity generation is expected by 2020 to reach 499 TWh with an annual increase of around 8% according to the higher demand scenario, or 406 TWh with an annual increase of 6,1% according to the lower demand scenario. As of 21 July 2010, our installed power has now reached 46.126 MW after the deployment of a new power plant of 1.479 MW.
In 2009, our electricity generation came from three main sources: natural gas by 48,6%, coal by 28,3%, hydroelectric by 18,5%, liquid fuels by 3,4%, and renewable resources by 1,1%. As of the end of 2009, out of Turkey's total installed power 54,2% is in EÜAŞ, 16,4% in production companies, 13,7% in build-operate power plants, 8,1% in autoproducers, 5,5% in build-operate-transfer power plants, 1,5% in transferred power plants, and 0,6% in mobile power plants.
In line with the target of liberating the electricity market, Law No. 4628 provided for new production investments by private sector. From 2002 to 2009, Turkey's installed power capacity went up from 31.750 MW to 44.600 MW. An additional capacity of 12.850 MW was deployed during that period, around 7000 MW of which is generated by the privately invested power plants. In 2009, a new power plant of 3.002 MW was introduced to the system. 2.810 MW of the additional capacity deployed is generated by the privately invested power plants. These initiatives aim at creating a transparent and competition-driven market in the electricity sector, and thus to help improve the investment environment.
In 2010 (as of July 21, 2010), 64 privately owned power plants, which have a total installed power of 1479 MW, were temporarily accepted and licensed by our Ministry for operation. Of all the power plants deployed,
- 2% is geothermal (17 MW)
- 13% is wind power (330 MW)
- 29% is hydraulic (486 MW)
- 2% is landfill gas and bio-gas (7 MW)
- 18% is thermal (639)
60 MW of the thermal power comes from cogeneration power plants. By the end of this year, privately owned installed power, which is introduced in 2010, is expected to exceed 2400 MW.
Access rate
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Market situation for different energy technologies and services
Solar Energy
Having a high potential for solar energy due to its geographical position, Turkey's average annual total sunshine duration is calculated as 2.640 hours (daily total is 7,2 hours), and average total radiation pressure as 1.311 kWh/m²-year (daily total is 3,6 kWh/m²). Solar energy potential is calculated as 380 billion kWh/year.
With the decrease in the cost of using solar cells and increase in their efficiency, solar cell dependent energy generation is expected to increase in Turkey. Furthermore, using Turkey Solar Energy Potential Atlas and the CSP technology, it is calculated that an annual production of 380 billion kWh is possible.
The amount of solar collectors installed in Turkey is roughly 12 million m² with a technical solar energy potential of 76 TEP and annual generation volume is 750.000 m², part of which is exported. Such amount indicates that 0,15 m² of solar collectors are used per capita. Annual amount of solar-based heat generation is around 420.000 TEP. This data suggests that Turkey is a significant manufacturer and user of solar collectors among world countries.
In Turkey, installed solar cell capacity, which is used mostly in public bodies for supplying small amounts of power and for research purposes, has reached 1 MW.
Work in the area of solar and hydrogen energy holds a great importance for the energy future of Turkey including Turkey's defense industry and military use.
Wind Energy
According to Wind Energy Potential Atlas (REPA), which was realized in 2007, it is calculated that Turkey has a minimum wind energy potential of 5.000 MW in regions with annual wind speed of 8,5 m/s and higher and 48.000 MW with wind speed higher than 7,0 m/s.
Progress has been made in efforts for increasing installed wind energy power, which was at the level of a mere 18 MW as of 2004. Turkey's installed power for wind energy reached the level of 802,8 MW as of the end of 2009. Upon taking effect of the Renewable Energy Law, licenses were granted to 93 new wind projects which deliver a total installed power of 3.363 MW. Out of these projects, powers plants which correspond to an installed power of 1.100 MW are presently under construction.
TABLE: Outlook of domestic wind energy potential as of 2008
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Type of Source |
Domestic Potential |
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Wind |
Very Efficient: 8.000 MW |
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Wind |
Moderately Efficient: 40.000 MW |
Biomass
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Biogas
Electricity from Waste in Turkey. DW World film "Ideas for a cooler world" about a recycling and waste treatment center in Adana. Klick here
Hydro Power
Turkey's technically feasible hydroelectric potential is 140 GWh/year. 150 hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) that are presently in operation since the end of 2009 correspond to an installed power of 14.417 MW and 38% of the total potential.
18,5% of electricity generated in 2009 came from hydroelectric power plants. Recent draughts have substantially limited the contribution of hydroelectric power plants to electricity generation. Compared to 2008 however, hydroelectric production increased by 7,8% in 2009, reaching 35.870 MW.
Turkey aims at utilizing in electricity generation all hydroelectric potential that is technically and economically viable by the year 2023.
Other renewable Sources
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Key problems of the energy sector
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Policy framework, laws and regulations
With a view to meet the high increase in demand, make sufficient investments, and increase economic efficiency, a new initiative was started after 2000 for structuring the energy sector around the central element of competition.
General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy
Turkey's energy policy principally aims at:
- Making energy available for the consumers in terms of cost, time and amount,
- Exploiting public an private facilities within the framework of free market practices,
- Discouraging import dependency,
- Securing a strong position for our country in regional and global trade of energy,
- Ensuring the availability of diversified resources, routes and technologies
- Ensuring maximum use of renewable resources,
- Increasing energy efficiency,
- Minimizing negative environmental impact while producing and using energy and natural resources.
Important Laws and Regulations
Following legislation were passed in respective chronology,
- Electricity Market Law (2001)
- Natural Gas Market Law (2001)
- Petroleum Market Law (2003)
- LPG Market Law (2005)
- Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy (2005)
- Energy Efficiency Law (2007)
- Law on Geothermal Resources and Mineral Waters (2007)
- Law on Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Energy Sale (2007). This Law also introduced regulations regarding the utilization of domestic coal resources for the purpose of generating electrical energy, encouraging the establishment domestic coal fired thermal power plants.
- Law (2008) on the Amendment of Electricity Market Law No. 5784 on Supply Security and Certain Other Laws.
Specific strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)
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Institutional set up in the energy sector
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Governmental institutions Private sector (enterprises, NGOs)
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Activities of other donors, activities of NGOs
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Existing projects
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Publications
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