Difference between revisions of "Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans"

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= Description =
 
  
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[[File:Solar Milk Cooling System Overview.jpg|border|right|300px|Solar Milk Cooling System for 60 liter per day ( PV-Panels, Batteries, Adaptive control unit, Ice-maker and 2 Isolated milk cans)|alt=Solar Milk Cooling System for 60 liter per day ( PV-Panels, Batteries, Adaptive control unit, Ice-maker and 2 Isolated milk cans)]] The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC Refrigerator equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker that operates depending on the availability of solar energy. The ice-maker has a volume of 160l and is capable of producing approx. 8-13 kg ice per day. One system includes 25 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l isolated milk cans with removable ice compartment. To cool down 30l of milk from 36°C to 15°C in one of the supplied milk cans, the systems needs 6kg of ice and 90 minutes.
+
== Introduction ==
  
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The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 25 2kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 7 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.
+
In many countries, milk is exclusively produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is in most of the cases transported to milk collection facilities, without any form of cooling. In addition, lack of hygiene and cleaning procedures and problems with cattle health are the most common reasons of high bacterial growth during short-term storage of milk on the farm and during transportation.
  
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= Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit =
+
Under warm climatic conditions, milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count prescribed by food safety laws after about two to five hours. During the hottest periods of the year, lack of quality can lead to high rates of refused milk at collection centers or dairy plants. Furthermore, due to low production volumes, evening milk is often not collected year round, thus causing additional on-farm losses. Small-scale solar powered milk cooling technologies can support the milk value chain at farm, cooperative and collecting center level by increasing productivity and giving access to price premiums and to additional markets.
  
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The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for a intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:
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<br/>
 +
 
 +
{{#widget:YouTube|id=_uqIXI-4rS4|height=450|width=800}}<br/>
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 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Hohenheim System for On-farm Milk Cooling with Solar Energy ==
 +
 
 +
[[File:Solar Milk Cooling System.JPG|center|800px|Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim|alt=Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC refrigerator, equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker. It operates depending on the availability of solar energy. [[Do_It_Yourself_-_Solar_Cooling_Units|Do it yourself - solutions]] for solar ice making are also possible.
 +
 
 +
Cylindric tins are used for the production of ice, which is then put into the ice-compartment of the Insulated Milk Can. Depending on the amount of milk and ice, different cooling temperatures and storage times are reached.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 302px;  float: right;  margin-left: 10px"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 174px" | '''Volume refrigerator'''
 +
| style="width: 112px" | 160 l
 +
|-
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| style="width: 174px" | '''Daily ice production'''
 +
| style="width: 112px" | 16 kg
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
One system includes 24 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l insulated milk cans with removable ice compartment. The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5 kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 24 2 kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 5 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit<ref name="Design and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit">2016 Victor Torres-Toledo, Klaus Meissner, Philip Täschner, Santiago Martınez-Ballester, Joachim MüllerfckLRDesign and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit. fckLRSolar Energy Journal Publication.fckLRhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.10.022</ref>==
 +
[[File:Refrigeration_adapted_to_solar_energy_availability.png|alt=|right|180x180px]]
 +
The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for an intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:
  
 
*Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
 
*Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
−
*Operation of a fan in the inner chamber in order to increase freezing rate.
+
*Operation of a fan in the inner chamber in order to increase freezing rate.<br/>
 
*Energy saving mode during night and rainy days.
 
*Energy saving mode during night and rainy days.
 
*Use of batteries to increase daily ice production up to 30%.
 
*Use of batteries to increase daily ice production up to 30%.
−
*Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.
+
*Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:ACU in Handle.png|thumb|370px|Adaptive control unit installed in the handle of the refrierator|alt=ACU in Handle.png|left]] [[File:Fan in refrigerator.png|thumb|370px|Fan in the refrigerator for uniform temperature distribution|alt=Fan in refrigerator.png|none]]
  
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[[File:Adaptive control unit for solar ice maker.jpg|center|600px|alt=Adaptive control unit for solar ice maker.jpg]]
 
  
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= Isolated Milk Cans =
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== Insulated Milk Cans ==
  
 
The milk-cans implemented are made of stainless-steel and have a capacity of 30 liter milk and 8 kg Ice. This allows a flexible use of them depending on the cooling requirements. The milk-can has been design to operate for two modes as described in following table.
 
The milk-cans implemented are made of stainless-steel and have a capacity of 30 liter milk and 8 kg Ice. This allows a flexible use of them depending on the cooling requirements. The milk-can has been design to operate for two modes as described in following table.
  
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<br/>
  
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{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice'''
 
'''30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice'''
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice'''
 
'''20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Cooling temperature'''
 
'''Cooling temperature'''
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
17°C after 90 min.
 
17°C after 90 min.
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Under 10°C after 150 min.
 
Under 10°C after 150 min.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Used for'''
 
'''Used for'''
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Transport of morning milk
 
Transport of morning milk
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Storage of evening milk
 
Storage of evening milk
  
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Milk quality preservation'''
 
'''Milk quality preservation'''
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
At least 6 hours
 
At least 6 hours
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
At least 12 hours
 
At least 12 hours
  
 
|}
 
|}
  
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<br/>The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref><br/>
 +
 +
<br/>[[File:Milk cooling curve.png|thumb|600px|Cooling curves of milk under different ambient temperatures and with different loads of ice and milk|alt=Milk cooling curve.png|left]]
 +
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
[[File:Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG|thumb|370px|Metal and plastic version of milk can with ice compartments|alt=Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG|none]] [[File:Overview of milk can components.JPG|thumb|370px|Tins for ice production, ice compartment, milk can and insolation jacket|alt=Overview of milk can components.JPG|none]]
 +
 +
&nbsp;
 +
 +
== On-Field Implementations ==
  
−
The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.
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In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, on-field projects have been implemented in the following countries:<br/>
  
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
{| style="width: 696px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | Country
 +
| style="width: 221px;  text-align: center" | Project duration
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | Number of installed systems
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | More information
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Tunisia}} }} [[Tunisia Energy Situation|Tunisia]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | July 2015 until December 2017
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 10
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Tunisia|here]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Kenya}} }} [[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | January 2016 until May 2018
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 4
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Kenya|here]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Colombia}} }} [[Colombia Energy Situation|Colombia]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | October 2017 until May 2018
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 4
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Colombia|here]]
 +
|}
  
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[[File:Isolated milk cans cooling performance.jpg|center|600px|alt=Isolated milk cans cooling performance.jpg]]
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<br/>
  
 +
<br/>
  
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= Collaboration partners =
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== Collaboration Partners ==
  
 
Research and Development:
 
Research and Development:
Line 82: Line 149:
 
[http://www.phaesun.com/de/home.html Phaesun GmbH]
 
[http://www.phaesun.com/de/home.html Phaesun GmbH]
  
−
Field Assestments:
+
Field Assessments:
  
−
*International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
+
*International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)<br/>
 
*Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA,&nbsp;Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
 
*Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA,&nbsp;Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
−
*Delice
+
*Delice<br/>
−
*Powering Agriculture and Green Invotation Center&nbsp;(Tunisia and Kenya)
+
*GIZ Powering Agriculture and Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (Tunisia and Kenya)
  
 +
<br/>'''<u>Supported by:</u>'''
  
−
<u>Supported by:</u>
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'''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf ofGerman Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)'''
−
 
 
−
German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ)
 
  
 
*Innovation Transfer into Agriculture - Adaptation to Climate Change (ITAACC)
 
*Innovation Transfer into Agriculture - Adaptation to Climate Change (ITAACC)
−
*Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food
+
*[https://poweringag.org/ Sustainable Energy for Food - Powering Agriculture]<br/>
−
 
+
*[http://research4agrinnovation.org/ PARI - Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation]
−
German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
 
−
 
 
−
= On-field implementations =
 
−
 
 
−
*Tunisia, July 2015 until December 2017:
 
−
 
 
−
[[Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia (PA Project)|Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia]]
 
−
 
 
−
In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, an on-field project is currently carried out in Sidi Bouzid (Tunisia) under the coordination of the ''International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas'' (ICARDA) and the support of the GIZ through the ITAACC program, founded by the ''German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ''(BMZ). At national level, the project is managed by the ''Tunisian Institute of Agriculture Research'' (INRAT) and several partners from the Agriculture Ministry and the dairy industry. The assessed solar milk cooling solution has been developed by the University of Hohenheim and is commercialized through the company and project partner PHAESUN GmbH. Additionally, the project counts on the support of the ''Powering Agriculture'' initiative of the GIZ for the social related assessments.
 
−
 
 
−
The region of Sidi Bouzid, in central Tunisia, is responsible for approximately one sixth of the national milk production in Tunisia. The majority of its milk is produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with ten to twenty cows and a daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is currently being produced on farm and transported to milk collection facilities without cooling. In this situation, bacterial growth during on farm short-term storage and transportation represents a significant problem for the dairy sector.
 
−
 
 
−
The project implementation with duration until December 2017, supports the assessment of a solar-powered milk cooling solution, designed to meet the refrigeration needs of small and medium-sized dairy farmers of the region. The ice-based cooling solution was developed specifically to overcome the challenges during short-term on-farm storage of milk and transportation to collection centers.
 
−
 
 
−
Since April 2016, 10 solar systems of the presented milk cooling solution&nbsp;are operating&nbsp;in 7 farms in the region of Sidi Bouzid . Each system has a capacity of 60l per day while 3 farms were equipped with two system due to higher production volumes up to 120 liter milk per day.
 
  
−
The performance of the solar ice-makers is currently monitored in order to confirm the right use of the system by the farmers and the daily availability of 12kg ice. Additionally experts interviews are carried out for farmers and dairy industry to assets the acceptance of the milk-cans by daily use together with the social impact in terms of gender and labor organization.
+
<br />
  
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From the economical side, the potential of the system to increase productivity and preserve milk quality will be analyzed as main pillars to support the milk value chain and generate business opportunities. Furthermore the system cost will be reduced by the development of milk-cans able to be produced locally.
+
== Publications and Documents ==
  
−
[[File:Solar Milk Cooling On the Field in Tunisia.jpg|center|600px|alt=Solar Milk Cooling On the Field in Tunisia.jpg]]
+
*[[:File:Techsheet A3 solar milk cooling V3.0.pdf|Technology sheet on solar milk cooling]]<br/>
 +
*[[:File:Techsheet A3 solar ice maker V3.0.pdf|Technology sheet on solar ice making]]<br/>
 +
*[[:File:Solar powered cooling for enhancing milk value chains - Rural 21.pdf|Article at Rural 21 - Solar powered cooling for enhancing milk value chains]]
 +
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700718301026 Publication: On-farm milk cooling solution based on insulated cans with integrated ice compartment]<span class="title-text"></span>
 +
*[[:File:User Guide - On-farm Solar Milk Cooling System.pdf|User Guide of the on-farm solar milk cooling system]]<br/>
 +
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QFFWW5Cb8Y Workshop on solar milk cooling in Columbia (youtube, spanish)]
 +
*[https://www.facebook.com/solarmilkcoolingteam/ Follow field activities in Facebook]
 +
*[http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b2-livestock/b2-case-studies/case-study-b2-4/en/ FAO Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook]
  
 +
<br/>
  
−
= Overview of solar milk cooling systems =
+
== Overview of Solar Milk Cooling Systems ==
  
 
*[[Solar Milk Cooling|Solar Milk Cooling]]
 
*[[Solar Milk Cooling|Solar Milk Cooling]]
 +
*[[Do_It_Yourself_-_Solar_Cooling_Units|Do It Yourself - Solar Cooling Units]]
  
−
= References =
 
−
 
−
 
−
Torres-Toledo, Victor, Klaus Meissner, Alberto Coronas, and Joachim Müller. 2015. “Performance Characterisation of a Small Milk Cooling System with Ice Storage for PV Applications.” International Journal of Refrigeration 60. 81–91. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.06.025.
 
−
 
−
 
−
Torres-Toledo, Victor. 2013. “MSc. Thesis: Design Methodology of Cost Optimized Solar Chillers for Milk Cooling in Rural Areas.” University Rovira i Virgilli, Tarragona, Spain.
 
  
 +
== References ==
  
−
For further information, please contact the author of this article.
+
<references /><br/>
  
−
[https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/projekt/field-testing-of-an-innovative-solar-powered-milk-cooling-solution-for-the-higher-efficiency-of-the-dairy-subsector-in-tunisia https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/projekt/field-testing-of-an-innovative-solar-powered-milk-cooling-solution-for-the-higher-efficiency-of-the-dairy-subsector-in-tunisia]
+
*For further information, please contact the author of this article.&nbsp;[https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen]<br/>
  
 
[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
 
[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
−
[[Category:Cooling]]
 
 
[[Category:Productive_Use]]
 
[[Category:Productive_Use]]
 
[[Category:Photovoltaic_(PV)]]
 
[[Category:Photovoltaic_(PV)]]

Latest revision as of 12:51, 11 June 2024

Introduction

In many countries, milk is exclusively produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is in most of the cases transported to milk collection facilities, without any form of cooling. In addition, lack of hygiene and cleaning procedures and problems with cattle health are the most common reasons of high bacterial growth during short-term storage of milk on the farm and during transportation.

Under warm climatic conditions, milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count prescribed by food safety laws after about two to five hours. During the hottest periods of the year, lack of quality can lead to high rates of refused milk at collection centers or dairy plants. Furthermore, due to low production volumes, evening milk is often not collected year round, thus causing additional on-farm losses. Small-scale solar powered milk cooling technologies can support the milk value chain at farm, cooperative and collecting center level by increasing productivity and giving access to price premiums and to additional markets.





Hohenheim System for On-farm Milk Cooling with Solar Energy

Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim


The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC refrigerator, equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker. It operates depending on the availability of solar energy. Do it yourself - solutions for solar ice making are also possible.

Cylindric tins are used for the production of ice, which is then put into the ice-compartment of the Insulated Milk Can. Depending on the amount of milk and ice, different cooling temperatures and storage times are reached.

Volume refrigerator 160 l
Daily ice production 16 kg

One system includes 24 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l insulated milk cans with removable ice compartment. The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5 kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 24 2 kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 5 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.[1]

Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit[2]

The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for an intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:

  • Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
  • Operation of a fan in the inner chamber in order to increase freezing rate.
  • Energy saving mode during night and rainy days.
  • Use of batteries to increase daily ice production up to 30%.
  • Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.
ACU in Handle.png
Adaptive control unit installed in the handle of the refrierator
Fan in refrigerator.png
Fan in the refrigerator for uniform temperature distribution


Insulated Milk Cans

The milk-cans implemented are made of stainless-steel and have a capacity of 30 liter milk and 8 kg Ice. This allows a flexible use of them depending on the cooling requirements. The milk-can has been design to operate for two modes as described in following table.


 

30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice

20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice

Cooling temperature

17°C after 90 min.

Under 10°C after 150 min.

Used for

Transport of morning milk

Storage of evening milk

Milk quality preservation

At least 6 hours

At least 12 hours


The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.[1]


Milk cooling curve.png
Cooling curves of milk under different ambient temperatures and with different loads of ice and milk


Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG
Metal and plastic version of milk can with ice compartments
Overview of milk can components.JPG
Tins for ice production, ice compartment, milk can and insolation jacket

 

On-Field Implementations

In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, on-field projects have been implemented in the following countries:


Country Project duration Number of installed systems More information
Tunisia July 2015 until December 2017 10 here
Kenya January 2016 until May 2018 4 here
Colombia October 2017 until May 2018 4 here



Collaboration Partners

Research and Development:

Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics (University of Hohenheim)

Commercialization:

Phaesun GmbH

Field Assessments:

  • International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
  • Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA, Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
  • Delice
  • GIZ Powering Agriculture and Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (Tunisia and Kenya)


Supported by:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf ofGerman Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)


Publications and Documents


Overview of Solar Milk Cooling Systems


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.
  2. ↑ 2016 Victor Torres-Toledo, Klaus Meissner, Philip Täschner, Santiago Martınez-Ballester, Joachim MüllerfckLRDesign and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit. fckLRSolar Energy Journal Publication.fckLRhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.10.022


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