Latest revision as of 13:54, 11 September 2020

Guatemala

Capital:

Guatemala City

Region:

Latin America

Coordinates:

14.38°N, 90.30°W

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

108,890

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

17,602,431 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

47 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

102,050,473,864 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

5,797.52 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

99.10 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

32.84 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

37.38 (2014)

Source: World Bank

Introduction

Guatemala is located in Central America^[1]. It shares its borders with Mexico in the north, Belize and Honduras in the east, and El Salavador in the south^[1]^[2]. On the west, the country borders the Pacific, with a much shorter northeastern Caribbean coastline^[1]^[2]. The country's major cities are: Guatemala city -the capital-, Quetzaltenango, Escuintla, Livingston and Puerto Barrios^[1].

Guatemala is divided topographily into four general regions: central-western highlands, southern volcanic regions of the Sierra Madre, tropical coastal lowlands, and the low northern plateau, which is mainly jungle^[1]^[2].

Guatemalan Borders

Predominantly, Guatemala is an agricultural socitey, where farming is the major economic activiy, with forestry and mining close behind^[1]. The best soils suitable for farming are located on the Pacific coastal line, while the soil in the Peten tends to erode quickly, and highland soils are better protected because of coffee cultivation^[1].

Guatemalan climate varies with accordance to the altitude of the region, and the proximity to the coasts^[1]^[2]. The tierra caliente (hot country), which extends from the sea level into 750m above sea level, and its temperature is around 29°-32°C^[1]. The tierra templada (temperate country) extends from 750-1660m above sea level, with day temperature 24°-26°C, and night temperatures 15.5°-21°C^[1].The tierra fria (cold country) extends above 1660m above sea level with an average temperature of 26°C at day, and 10°C at night^[1].

The country's main natural resources are predominantly: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle and hydropower, with approximately 41.2% of the land used for agriculture (14.2% arable land - 8.8% permanent crops - 18.2% permanent pasture), while forest represents 33.6% of the land^[3].

In terms of energy, Guatemala comes as the second largest Central American power market, with a total generating capacity of 4.2GW^[4]. Guatemala total energy generation capacity in 2016 was 10.9TWh, of which 41% came from fossil-based generation, 24% from large hydro, and 35% was from renewables (small hydro, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal)^[4].

Energy Situation

Overview

Guatemala shows high dependency on firewood, especially for residential demand^[5]^[6]. Though the country has a high potential of natural resources for energy generation and production, with approximately 34% of forestry richness of the total national territory, yet Guatemala still highly depends on hydrocarbons for supplying industrial and productivity sectors^[3]^[5].

Due to this high dependency on hydrocarbons, Guatemala categorizes as a net energy importer^[5]. However, the Guatemalan authorities have planned and implemented significant measures to change the country's energy mix, and promote further energy production sources, including renewables^[5].

Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013)

Though firewood represents the main source of energy for household/residential across the country (app. 63%), yet, biomass has started to gain significant importance to meet the continuously increasing energy demand^[5]. Thus being encouraged by the domestic investment by local sugar industry, which has started producing biodiesel and energy from sugar-cane pulp^[5].

Table.1: Other Guatemalan Sources of Energy^[5]
Source	Diesel	Gasoline	Fuel Oil	Biodiesel from Sugar Cane Pulp + Propane
Percentage	12%	8%	4%	3%

Forced by the continued power supply constraints to meet the increasing demand, the Guatemalan government had to issue more power supply contracts with private companies, which allowed the growth of the installed thermal generation capacity^[5]. Thus being nearly 400% during the period 1993-2002, with other facilities being built as well to add more generation capacity to the country's scheme during the same period^[5]. Two geothermal-powered plants in particular were installed: Calderas (5MW) in 1998, and Zunil (24MW) in 1999^[5].

Guatemala has many natural reserves of both oil and gas^[5], yet both are under-utilized. There exist approximately 153 oil wells, however only 58 are currently utilized for oil production^[5].

The country has an enormous hydrocarbon potential^[7]. Approximately 65% of the country's territory is formed of sediments, which indicates a high probability of finding oil, almost anywhere in the country^[7]. As a result of Guatemala's geographical and topographical mountian-formation, the country has a water potential^[7]. Consequently, the country has two major hydrographic regions^[7]:

Rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean
RIvers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean

Regarding geothermal potential, Guatemala has 36 volcanoes, which are randomly distributed over an area of about 300km^[7]. Moreover, Guatemala has a solar potential of approximately 200TWh^[7]. The wind in the country's area is classified as category 4 or higher, implying the country's potential to produce 20000GWh of wind energy annually^[7].

Though the country enjoys a wealth and wide varied biodiverse renewable and natural resources, yet they are not yet utilized to their full potential^[5]^[7]. For example; out of possible 5000MW hydroelectric power potential, Guatemala uses only 853 MW (17.06%), and of 1000MW potential of geothermal energy, the country uses just 49.2MW (4.92%)^[5].

Table.2: Guatemalan Evolution of the Energy Matrix 1971-2008^[6]
	1971-1974			1984-1987			1999-2002				2005-2008
Fuel	Oil Products	Hydro	Bio-Combustibles	Liquid Fuels	Hydro	Bio-Combustibles	Coal	Oil Products	Hydro	Bio-Combustibles	Coal	Oil Products	Hydro	Bio-Combustibles
Input Percentage	80%	11%	9%	54%	30%	16%	10%	49%	14%	27%	22%	48%	25%	38%
General Outlines	Beginning of the 1970s, Guatemala had a very simple energy matrix - completely composed to meet residential consumption needs Two major energy sources: firewood for residential consumption & imported crude oil that was refined in the country			Guatemalan energy matrix experienced important changes 1974-1984 Beginning of national crude oil production during early 80s -> Reduction of net imported petroleum products Beginning of crude oil exploration Growth of hydraulic infrastructure The dominance of firewood consumption for the residential sector continued, specially in rural areas			At the beginning of the new millennium, the country achieved the most dramatic change in its energy matrix Guatemala became both producer and exporter of crude oil Consumption of biofuels increased Consumption of hydraulic energy doubled Oil derivatives' imports were quadrupled The conutry started importing coal				Near the end of the first decade of the 2000s, the country reduced its production of crude oil Start of importing more oil derivatives Consumption of hydraulic energy almost doubled Coal imports quadrupled Biofuels held their position as the most dominant source

Energy Access

Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Table.3: Guatemalan Total, Urban & Rural Access to Electricity 2000-2016^[8]
	Total Access				Urban	Rural
Year	2000	2010	2014	2016	2016	2016
% Population	73	84	85	92	97	86

Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Table.4: Clean Cooking Access Percentages in Guatemala 2000-2016^[8]
Year	2000	2010	2014	2016
% Population	39	43	45	45

Production

Guatemalan total energy production reached approximately 9.6Mtoe by the year 2016^[9].

Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018)

Installed Capcity

The total installled power capacity of the country is about 4.21GW with renewables representing approximately 32% share^[4].

Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018)

For more details on the graph Click Here.

Consumption

Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018)

Import and Export

Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

The most recent Guatemalan imports were led by refined petroleum (~10.8%) of the total imports, while petroleum gas represented approximately 1.4%, and coal briquettes about 0.92%^[10].

Table.5: Guatemala's Major Energy Exports^[3]
Source	Electricity	Crude Oil	Refined Petroleum Products
Exporting Capacity	1.858 billion kWh	7,783 bbl/day	8,178 bbl/day

Electricity

Table.6: Guatemala's General Electricity Data in 2017^[3]
Indicator	Production	Consumption	Exports	Imports	Total Installed Capacity
Capacity	11.49 billion kWh	10.02 billion kWh	1.858 billion kWh	891.4 million kWh	4.072 million kW
World Ranking	98	95	48	70	86

Table.7: Guatemala's Electricity's Installed Capacity by Source^[3]
Source	Fossil Fuels	Nuclear Fuels	Hydroelectric Plants	Renewables
% of Total Installed Capacity	57.9	0	35.3	6.8
World Ranking	135	104	61	82

Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)

Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)

Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018)

Energy Security

Since Guatemala is a developing country, that is emerging from a civil war which lasted for 36 years, with more than 50% of its population living in poverty, the country faces several social and economic challenges^[11]. These challenges cannot be overcome without the improvement of electricity access for supporting basic services and boosting up labor productivity^[11]. In that regard, the Ministry of Energy has proposed an expansion of the electricity generating capacity 2014-2028 to meet the increasing energy demand, while reducing dependency on fossil fuels (e.g. oil products), diversifying the energy mix from fossil fuels to renewables, and reducing electricity costs^[11].

On one hand, attempting cost optimization in the energy sector could provide opportunities to improve social capital^[11]. On the other hand, increasing energy intensity could make societies highly vulnerable to any supply disruption, which demands better strategies for enhancing security of electricity supply^[11]. Within that context, energy security is to be defined with accordance to to the electricity supply, taking into account needs and objectives of the country's energy policy^[11]. The key aspects of the energy security perspective in Guatemala are: adequacy, resilience and sovereignty^[11].

To achieve energy security in the Guatemalan case, few elements should be considered^[11]:

Securing major national energy services from disruptions.
In order to properly conceptualize enegy security, it is of an utmost importance to identify threats and vulnerabilities of the energy sysem of the country.
Limiting dependency on fuel imports.
Policy makers should prioritize securing where from the country imports its fuels, as if the imports are not from close and trusted countries, the supply system will always be vulnerable.
To improve the country's poverty situation, energy prices should not be very high.
Affordability in that context is correlated with prices of energy that are influenced by changes within the energy systems, such as: higher fuel prices due to scarcity or higher demand, not with relation to GDP or income per capita.

With all these factors in consideration, energy security in the case of Guatemala can be defined as follows: "Ensuring the availability of reliable and affordable energy services that are equitably shared, through decreasing dependence on imports, increasing diversity in the system, and increasing reliance on indigenous resources that are environmentally clean to support a sustainable economy able to meet current and future energy demand." ^[11]
Consequently, this definition reflects both the objects and concerns which are expressed in the Guatemalan energy policy.

Challenges^[11]:

Volatility of energy carriers' prices.
Demand growth.
Low electrification rates in rural areas.

Opportunities^[11]:

Availability of natural resources.
The possibilities of utilizing these resouces to achieve self-sufficiency and sustainability in the electrcity sector.

Renewable Energy

Guatemala aims to achieve 60% of its total electricity generation from renewables by 2020, while on the long term 80% of the total electricity generation^[12].

Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share in the Country's Total Energy Consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share with Accordance to End Use in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Guatemalan Renewable Energy Consumption by Source in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)

Table.8: Guatemala's Total Renewable Energy Capacity 2008-2017^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	1182	1206	1311	1341	1515	1646	1775	2178	2667	2753

Guatemala's Renewables-Generated Electricity by Source 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Share of Renewable Sources in Guatemalan Electricity Generation (IEA, 2018)

Hydropower

According to the International Hydropower Association (IHA)'s 2017 report on global hydropower status, Guatemala ranks 20th worldwide in the new hydropower installed during 2016 with 163MW capacity added that year^[14]. Also the country ranks 6th in the Northern and Central America region with total installed power approximately 1154MW^[14].

Guatemalan Hydro-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

The country has potential for environmentally-friendly hydropower on different scales: household-scale turbines (100s of Watts), community-scale systems (10s of KWatts) and grid-connected-scale (MWs)^[15].

Table.9: Guatemala's Hydropower Capacity 2008-2016^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	776	668	885	902	986	997	1001	1087	1392	1438

A micro-hydro project of 165 kW, which is located 300km northwest of Guatemala city, was constructed to serve approximately 2500 individuals of Chel, Xesayi and Las Flores^[15]. The project was community-built, with each family contributing 80 days of labor between 2003-2007 in exchange for a connection to the system^[15]. The power generated of this project was able to turn Chel into a regional hub, consequently pushing small businesses to flourish, such as: butchers, ice factories, blacksmiths and a library^[15].

Local Workers Carrying Construction Materials for the Micro-Hydroelectric Plant in Chel, Guatemala

Wind

Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) used to estimate wind energy potential in the country as high as 7000MW, while much more conservative opinions consider the economically viable wind potential in the country is somewhere between 400-700MW^[15].

Guatemalan Wind-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Table.10: Guatemala's Wind Energy Capacity 2008-2017^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	76	76	76

Solar

According to the solar maps of Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA), Guatemala's average solar irradiaion is 5.3kWh/m²/day^[15].

Guatemala's Solar Irradiation Map (Koberle. 2012)

Few small photovoltaic projects have been implemented in several Guatemalan remote areas, which have no access to grid electricity^[15]. Back in 2004, USAID has partnered with Fundación Solar and other local NGOs in order to launch 180 photovoltaic projects in six rural communities in the Northern Quiche region of Guatemala for: households, both commercial and community use^[15].

Guatemalan PV Solar-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Table.11: Guatemala's Total Solar Capacity 2008-2017^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	0	0	1	1	2	3	10	93	93	99

Bioenergy

Guatemala has a powerful agro-industrial sector with considerable biomass waste products, hence there is a large potential for generating electricity from agricultural biomass in the country^[15]. Guatemalan sugar mills already use their produced waste of biomass to generate electricity in the country^[15].

During the country's harvest season, which is from November-May, these mills have the ability to generate about 25% of Guatemala's electricity^[15]. Thus by burning sugarcane bagasse along with other residues^[15].

Biogas-Generated Electricity in Guatemala 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Table.12: Guatemala's Total Bioenergy Capacity 2008-2017^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	351	373	372	384	473	598	714	873	1056	1091

For firewood, though it is widely used in the country, its energy is inefficiently exploited across rural areas^[5]. This is because an estimation of approximately 81% of the households, which use this form of energy, are found to use it in a type of stoves called "three stones stoves", which wastes about 90% of the produced energy^[5].

Moreover, it is estimated that about 16 million cubic meters of wood are consumed annually in Guatemala^[7]. Another estimation that approximately 60-70% of households cooking with wood lack a sustainable fireplace for the extraction of the produced smoke^[7]. Finally, with accordance to the Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC), 72% of Guatemala's households use wood as energy source for cooking, which represents a major concern for health damage nation-wide^[7].

Geothermal

During the 70s, several international agencies (JICA, IDB, OPEC, ROCAP/USAID, IAEA & OLADE) cooperated with INDE for identifying Guatemala's geothermal resources^[16]. In conclusion, it was found that the country has more than 12 geothermal important resrevoirs^[16].

Approximate estimates show that the country has a geothermal potential power in the range 400-4000MW, and some literature assume it is 800-4000MW^[15]^[16]. Yet, Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mines claims that the economically viable potential does not exceed 1000MW^[15].

Guatemala's Potential Geothermal Sites (Koberle. 2012)

The interest to invest in Guatemala's geothermal potential is on the rise, with 2 geothermal plants are currently operating in the country -and they represent its main geothermal operating resources-: Zunil (24MW capacity) & Ortitlán (25MW capacity)^[15]^[16].

Table.13: Guatemala's Total Geothermal Capacity 2008-2017^[13]
Year	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Capacity (MW)	54	54	54	54	54	49	49	49	49	49

The main barriers for developing geothermal resources in Guatemala^[16]:

Economic constraints.
High risk in early stages (exploratory stages).
Competition with the possibility of developing cheaper energy sources, such as: hydropower & natural gas.

The Guatemalan government has a plan of using geothermal power to supply for two thirds of the country’s energy needs by 2022^[17]. Thus reducing oil imports and stabilizing the country’s energy supply^[17].

Fossil Fuels

Crude Oil & Refined Petroleum Products

Table.14: 2017 Crude Oil's General Indicators in Guatemala^[3]
Indicator	Production	Exports	Imports	Proved Reserves
Capacity	9641 bbl/day	7873 bbl/day	0	83.07 million bbl
World Ranking	80	60	135	76

Crude oil production in Guatemala has high potential, with estimations suggesting the possibility of reaching 50000 barrels/day^[18]. Main Guatemalan products in that regard are: 'heavy crude oil' with API gravities 10-22.3 & 'bitter' with Sulphur percentages > 1%^[18].

The Guatemalan petroleum products are mainly exploited for the purpose of heat generation for both industrial and transportation sectors^[7].

Guatemala's Crude Oil & Other Petroleum Products' Production 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Guatemala's Final Consumption of Crude Oil & Different Petroleum Products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Guatemala's Different Sectorial Shares of the Final Consumption of Oil Products (IEA, 2018)

By the year 2013, Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mining has reported that the country's total production of oil was approximately 4 million barrels, with an average of 9986 barrels/day^[18]. Though, the evolution of hydrocarbons in Guatemala still have a high potential, as several studies -conducted by different institutions- have shown that Guatemala has oil reserves with the capacity of 83 million barrels^[18]. Furthermore, some indicators have shown that the country's capacity of oil reserves could be yet up to 750 million barrels^[18].

Guatemala's Crude Oil Exports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Table.15: 2017's Refined Petroleum Products' Indicators in Guatemala^[3]
Indicator	Production	Consumption	Exports	Imports
Capacity	1670 bbl/day	94770 bbl/day	8178 bbl/day	102600 bbl/day
World Rank	105	83	86	56

Coal

Guatemala's Coal Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

A central challenge for the whole region is assuring an environmentally-friendly and sustainable provision of the energy system, along with meeting both the social and economic objectives of each country^[19].

Read here how energy security is linked to the dimensions of sustainability.

Table.16: Key Concerns of the Energy Sector in the Light of Energy Security & Sustainable Development Dimensions^[11]^[19]
	Energy Security Dimensions			Sustainable Development Dimensions
Concerns Regard:	Adequacy	Resilience	Sovereignty	Economic	Social	Environmental
Electricity Generation	Power shortages, which could interrupt the supply	System's ability/disability to switch to different source upon disruption	Dependency on imported fuels	Inadequate electricity supply	Lacking equity in electricity access	Emissions of CO₂, CO, SO_X, NO_X Ecosystems disturbances
Energy Sources:
Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal & Natural Gas)	Availability of supply	Limited diversity of suppliers	Dependency on imports	Increase in prices, consequently limiting the user's ability to pay	Negative health impacts on population	Emissions of CO₂, CO, SO_X, NO_X
Hydropower	Availability of seasonal water Storage capacity	Hydro dams diversity & distribution	--	--	Possible relocations of communities	The effect of downstream on ecosystems Methane emissions in large dams
Geothermal Power	--	Limited amount of geothermal power plants	--	--	--	CO₂ emissions Chemical pollution
Biomass from Sugar-Cane Residues	Variability Seasonal availability	Limited diversity of resources	--	--	--	Emissions of SO₂, NO_x
Wind Power	Intermittency Availability	Limited amount of wind farms	--	--	Possibility of conflicts over land use	Disturbance of ecosystems

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Outline

The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is the sole state body that is responsible for both the development and coordination of policies, plans and programs related to the Guatemalan energy sector^[6]. The main responsibilities of the Ministry are^[6]:

Ensuring that the authorization process for installing plants is in accordance with the existing laws
Ensuring that the services of hydrocarbon exploration, exploitation, transportation and distribution are in accordance with the existing laws
Addressing concerns with regard to the legal system for generation, transmission, distribution and marketing of electricity.
Issuing mining exploitation policies
Studying and promoting the use of renewables
Trying to achieve energy self-sufficiency in the country
Coordinating the actions necessary for maintaining an adequate, and efficient supply of oil, petroleum products and natural gas, with accordance to both the natioanl demand and the related laws
Formulation of policies for the energy sector
Proposing and enforcing environmental regulations on energy
Issuing an opinion on the scope of its own jurisdiction over the policies and projects of other public institutions, in order to indicate the situation of the energy development in the country
Exercising regulatory, control and suprvisory roles with relation to electricity and the laws governing it

The Renewable Energy Projects Law (Decree 52-2003) provides incentives for municipalities, The National Electrification Institute (INDE), joint ventures, individuals and legal entities to engage in renewable energy projects^[18]:

Tax exemption for up to 10 years: Including the value added tax (VAT) for the machinery and equipment used in the project during the preliminary stage and construction
Income tax exemption for up to 10 years
Exemption of denominated tax on enterprise and agricultural businesses for a period up to 10 years
Advertising the high potential of the sector, as approximately 3 million Guatemalan people still in need for electricity, implying investment opportunities of 500 million US$, with high return

The Hydrocarbons Sub-Sector

Regulated -mainly- by the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)^[18]
Other regulating institutions^[18]: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources - The Protected Areas Commission
The laws which established the different regulatory roles of these institutions^[18]: The Hydrocarbon Law (Decree 109-83) - The Law for Commercialization of Hydrocarbons (Decree 109-97) - The Regulation for Invitations to submit offers to conclude oil exploration and exploitation contracts (Government Agreement 764-92)
The Law for Fund for National Economic Development, which came into force in 2008, aims to distribute the raised funds by the oil operations as follows^[7]: 20% to the department development councils where petroleum operations are executed - 5% to all department development councils where there are no oil operations - 3% to public entities responsible for the conservation of protected areas

The Electricity Sub-Sector

This sub-sector is defined and regulated as shown in the following table:

Table.17: The Main Regulators of the Electricity Sub-Sector in Guatemala^[18]
Institution	Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)	The National Energy Commission	The Wholesale Market Administrator
Role	The policy maker	The regulator	The national operator of the interconnected national system Administrator of the national system 's transactions

These three entities govern the whole sub-sector with all its^[18]: generators - transporters - distributors - large users - marketers.
The Electricity Law (Decree No. 93-96) is the main governing framwork of the sub-sector^[18], which states that the electricity generation in the country is free, and does not require state authorization^[18]. The authorization is only required, when the generation exceeds 5MW, which is then granted by the Ministry of Energy and Mines^[18].
Further important laws forming the legal framwork in the sub-sector^[18]: Regulation of the Wholesale Market Administrator (Governmental Agreement 299-98) - Social Tariff Law for Electric Power Supply (Decree 96-200) - The Law of Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy Projects (Decree 53-2003).

The Energy Policy 2013-2027

The Guatemalan energy sector is formed entirely by two main sub-sectors: hydrocarbons & electricity^[7]
The policy prioritizes the use of clean and environmentally friendly energy resources for national consumption^[7]
The policy urges an interagency dialogue for conducting democratically social and economic development initiatives, which aim to ensure a comprehensive approach in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the public policy^[7]
The policy aims to contribute to Guatemala's sustainable energy development with both^[7]: social equity & respect to the environment
The policy is divided into two main frameworks, which are represented in the following table:

Table.18: Guatemala's Energy Policy 2013-2027's Main Frameworks^[7]
Framework	General Framework	Strategic Framework
Summary	Provides information on the energy sector's status and its corresponding sub-sectors Addresses the concerns which are considered for the policy actions and objectives Includes the legal and political framework, guiding principles and approaches It develops the theoretical and conceptual underpinning vision for the medium and long teram sustainable development actions	Contains policy's main points, comprising objectives, strategic priorities, goals, actions and public institutions related to the energy sector Reflects the interventions required for achieving objectives

The energy policy 2013-2027 is based on the following laws and decrees^[7]:

Law of Hydrocarbons (Decree 109-86)
Law of Protected Areas (Decree 9-89 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala)
Law of Electricity (Decree 93-96)
Law of Hydrocarbon Commercialization (Decree 109-97)
Law of Urban and Rural Development Coucils (Decree 11-2002)
Municipal Code (Decree 12-2002)
General Law of Decentralization (Decree 14-2002)
Law of the Fund of National Economic Development (Decree 71-2008)
Regulation of Environmental Impact Studies

The policy is as well aligned with a number of international conventions , which are related to the energy sector, in addition to the national legal and policy framework^[7].

Important International Conventions

On the international level, the State of Guatemala has signed and ratified several legal instruments for: environmental regulations, the protection of social and economic rights^[7]. Consequently, these instruments would participate in the creation of the energy policy framework, plus identifying and guiding the implementation of its actions^[7].

The list below summarizes these international instruments affecting the Guatemalan enegy sector^[7]:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Declaration on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Stockholm Declaration
World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report)
Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal People
Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro
Kyoto Protocol
United Nations Global Compact
Millennium Development Goals. Millennium Summit
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. World Summit on Sustainable Development
Rio+20 Declaration. United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)

Moreover, there is also a couple of regional legal instruments, which are noteworthy for energy sector compliance^[7]:

The Framework Treaty of Central America Electricity Market
The Central American Costumes Union

National Legal and Policy Framework

The following national legal instruments are important for enhancing the promotion of social dialogue processes within the energy sector^[7]:

Law of Decentralization (Decree 14-2002)
Law of Urban and Rural Development Councils (Decree 11-2002)
Municipal Code (Decree 12-2002)

Furthermore, the following national policy actions play a vital role for accomplishing the objectives and goals of this policy^[7]:

National Policy for Development of Small and Medium Enterprise
Policy of Integral Rural Development
National Policy for Cleaner Production
National Water Policy
National Forest Policy
Policy for Environmental Management
Decentralization Policy

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

The Guatemalan energy sector has four fundamentally relevant state actors^[6]. And since the country is one of few ones in Latin America that allows private companies to both extract and sell hydrocarbons, hence there also exist a number of significant participators^[18]^[6].

The Guatemalan Hydrocarbons' Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa et al., 2013)

The most important oil wells in Guatemala are owned by companies like^[18]: Perenco & Pacific Rubiales.

Table.19: Guatemalan Energy Sector Major Institutions and their Roles^[18]^[6]^[7]
Institute	Abbreviation	Summary of Roles
Ministry of Energy and Mines	MEM	Sole state body that is responsible for both the development and coordination of policies, plans and programs related to the Guatemalan energy sector
Directorate General of Energy	DGE	Belongs to the MEM Direction and formulation of policies
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons	DGH	Belongs to the MEM Directing policies for the hydrocarbons sub-sector Regulating actor for the hydrocarbons sub-sector
National Electric Energy Board	CNEE	Directing and regulating policies for the electricity sub-section
National Electrification Institute	INDE	Managing nearly 23.3% of the total installed electricity capacity in the country
Electricity Transport and Control Company	ETCEE	Handles about 85% of the high voltage national networks in the transmission sector

Guatemala has 44 private plants, which are together managing 76.7% of the country's installed capacity^[6]. The private sector also effectively participates in the Guatemalan national transmission sector, by managing 15% of the country's high voltage network^[6].

In the distribution sector, three major companies are responsible for approximately 84% of the total national coverage, serving about 2.4 million users, while other 15 municipal companies provide the service for 205000 usres^[6]^[7].

Table.20: The Three Major Distributing Companies in Guatemala^[6]^[7]
Empresa Electrica de Guatemala	Distribuidora de Electricidad de Oriente S.A.	Distribuidora de Electricidad de Occidente S.A.
EEGSA	DEORSA	DEOCSA

The Guatemalan Electricity's Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa, 2013)

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

Further Information

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4474.pdf
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 http://global-climatescope.org/en/country/guatemala/#/enabling-framework
↑ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 ^5.14 ^5.15 British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 ^7.17 ^7.18 ^7.19 ^7.20 ^7.21 ^7.22 ^7.23 ^7.24 ^7.25 ^7.26 ^7.27 ^7.28 Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7 the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf
↑ International Energy Agency (IEA). (2018). Key World Energy Statistics – A Wealth of Energy Stats at your Fingertips. Retrieved From: https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2291?fileName=Key_World_2018.pdf
↑ https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/
↑ ^11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf
↑ Cabré, M. M. López-Peña, A. Kieffer, G. Ferroukhi, R. Khaled, A. & Hawila, D. (2015). Renewable Energy in Latin America 2015: An Overview of Policies. Retrieved From: http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_re_latin_america_policies_2015.pdf
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf
↑ ^15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 ^15.14 Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 ^16.4 Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf
↑ ^18.00 ^18.01 ^18.02 ^18.03 ^18.04 ^18.05 ^18.06 ^18.07 ^18.08 ^18.09 ^18.10 ^18.11 ^18.12 ^18.13 ^18.14 ^18.15 ^18.16 ^18.17 Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

[https:.2F.2Finfo.publicintelligence.net.2FMCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf

[https:.2F.2Feneken.ieej.or.jp.2Fdata.2F4474.pdf-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4474.pdf

[https:.2F.2Fwww.cia.gov.2Flibrary.2Fpublications.2Fthe-world-factbook.2Fgeos.2Fgt.html-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html

[http:.2F.2Fglobal-climatescope.org.2Fen.2Fcountry.2Fguatemala.2F.23.2Fenabling-framework-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 http://global-climatescope.org/en/country/guatemala/#/enabling-framework

[British_Embassy_Guatemala_City._.282013.29._Guatemala:_Energy_Sector_Opportunities_for_UK_Companies._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk.2Fgovernment.2Fuploads.2Fsystem.2Fuploads.2Fattachment_data.2Ffile.2F200567.2FGUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 ^5.11 ^5.12 ^5.13 ^5.14 ^5.15 British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf

[Espinasa.2C_R._Balza.2C_L._Hinestrosa.2C_C._and_Sucre.2C_C._.282013.29._Energy_Dossier:_Guatemala._Retrieve_From:_https:.2F.2Fpublications.iadb.org.2Fbitstream.2Fhandle.2F11319.2F3856.2FDossier.252005.2520Guatemala.2520Eng.pdf.3Fsequence.3D6.26isAllowed.3Dy-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y

[Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mines_.28MEM.29._.282015.29._Energy_Policy_2013-2027._Retrieved_From:_http:.2F.2Fwww.mem.gob.gt.2Fwp-content.2Fuploads.2F2015.2F07.2FEnergy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf-7] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 ^7.14 ^7.15 ^7.16 ^7.17 ^7.18 ^7.19 ^7.20 ^7.21 ^7.22 ^7.23 ^7.24 ^7.25 ^7.26 ^7.27 ^7.28 Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf

[Tracking_SDG7._.282018.29._The_Energy_Progress_Report._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org.2Fdata.2Ffiles.2Fdownload-documents.2Ftracking_sdg7_the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7 the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf

[International_Energy_Agency_.28IEA.29._.282018.29._Key_World_Energy_Statistics_.E2.80.93_A_Wealth_of_Energy_Stats_at_your_Fingertips._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fwebstore.iea.org.2Fdownload.2Fdirect.2F2291.3FfileName.3DKey_World_2018.pdf-9] International Energy Agency (IEA). (2018). Key World Energy Statistics – A Wealth of Energy Stats at your Fingertips. Retrieved From: https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2291?fileName=Key_World_2018.pdf

[https:.2F.2Fatlas.media.mit.edu.2Fen.2Fprofile.2Fcountry.2Fgtm.2F-10] ttps://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/

[Ochaeta.2C_K._.282014.29._Energy_Security_and_Sustainable_Development_Implications_for_Guatemala_of_the_Electricity_Generation_Expansion_Plan_2014-2028._Master_thesis_in_Sustainable_Development_at_Uppsala_University._Retrieved_From:_http:.2F.2Fuu.diva-portal.org.2Fsmash.2Fget.2Fdiva2:749642.2FFULLTEXT01.pdf-11] 11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf

[Cabr.C3.A9.2C_M._M._L.C3.B3pez-Pe.C3.B1a.2C_A._Kieffer.2C_G._Ferroukhi.2C_R._Khaled.2C_A._.26_Hawila.2C_D._.282015.29._Renewable_Energy_in_Latin_America_2015:_An_Overview_of_Policies._Retrieved_From:_http:.2F.2Fwww.irena.org.2Fdocumentdownloads.2Fpublications.2Firena_re_latin_america_policies_2015.pdf-12] Cabré, M. M. López-Peña, A. Kieffer, G. Ferroukhi, R. Khaled, A. & Hawila, D. (2015). Renewable Energy in Latin America 2015: An Overview of Policies. Retrieved From: http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_re_latin_america_policies_2015.pdf

[Whiteman.2C_A._Sohn.2C_J._Arkhipova.2C_I._.26_Elsayed.2C_S._.282018.29._Renewable_Capacity_Statistics_2018._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fwww.irena.org.2F-.2Fmedia.2FFiles.2FIRENA.2FAgency.2FPublication.2F2018.2FMar.2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf

[International_Hydropower_Association_.28IHA.29._.282017.29._The_2017_Hydropower_Status_Report:_an_Insight_into_Recent_Hydropower_Development_and_Sector_Trends_around_the_World._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fwww.hydroworld.com.2Fcontent.2Fdam.2Fhydroworld.2Fonline-articles.2F2017.2F08.2F2017.2520Hydropower.2520Status.2520Report-1.pdf-14] 14.0 ^14.1 International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf

[Koberle.2C_A._.282012.29._An_Alternative_Power_Development_Plan_for_Guatemala._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fwww.internationalrivers.org.2Fsites.2Fdefault.2Ffiles.2Fattached-files.2Fenergia_ingles_072412.pdf-15] 15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 ^15.14 Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf

[Ur.C3.ADzar.2C_C._.282012.29._Reactivating_Guatemala.E2.80.99s_Geothermal_Industry:_A_Preliminary_Approach._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fwww.mofa.go.jp.2Fregion.2Flatin.2Ffealac.2Fpdfs.2F2-3_guatemala.pdf-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 ^16.4 Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf

[Glenn.2C_J._.26_Matek.2C_B._.282014.29._The_Status_of_Geothermal_Power_in_Emerging_Economies._Retrieved_From:_http:.2F.2Fgeo-energy.org.2Fevents.2FEmerging.2520Economies.2520Market.2520Update.2520draft_final_Oct.252016th_final.pdf-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf

[.C3.81valos.2C_C._.282014.29._Invest_in_Guatemala:_Energy_and_Oil_.E2.80.93_Industry_in_Guatemala._Retrieved_From:_http:.2F.2Fwww.investinguatemala.org.2Fsites.2Fdefault.2Ffiles.2F2-energy-oil_eng.pdf-18] 18.00 ^18.01 ^18.02 ^18.03 ^18.04 ^18.05 ^18.06 ^18.07 ^18.08 ^18.09 ^18.10 ^18.11 ^18.12 ^18.13 ^18.14 ^18.15 ^18.16 ^18.17 Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf

[Y.C3.A9pez.2C_A._Levy.2C_A._.26_Valencia.2C_A._M._.282016.29._The_Energy_Sector:_Opportunities_and_Challenges._Retrieved_From:_https:.2F.2Fpublications.iadb.org.2Fbitstream.2Fhandle.2F11319.2F7801.2FThe-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf.3Fsequence.3D1.26isAllowed.3Dy-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 01.PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Borders]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 01.PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Borders]]<br/>
 Predominantly, Guatemala is an agricultural socitey, where farming is the major economic activiy, with forestry and mining close behind<ref name="https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf">https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf</ref>. The best soils suitable for farming are located on the Pacific coastal line, while the soil in the Peten tends to erode quickly, and highland soils are better protected because of coffee cultivation<ref name="https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf">https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-GuatemalaHandbook.pdf</ref>.
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 03 - Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 03 - Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala Energy Flow Chart (Espinasa et al., 2013)]]<br/>
 Though firewood represents the main source of energy for household/residential across the country (app. 63%), yet, biomass has started to gain significant importance to meet the continuously increasing energy demand<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>. Thus being encouraged by the domestic investment by local sugar industry, which has started producing biodiesel and energy from sugar-cane pulp<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>.
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 <br/>
-The country enjoys a wealth of renewable resources, though they are not yet utilized to their full potential<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>. For example; out of possible 5000MW hydroelectric power potential, Guatemala uses only 853 MW (17.06%), and of 1000MW potential of geothermal energy, the country uses just 49.2MW (4.92%)<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;<br/>
+The country has an enormous hydrocarbon potential<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Approximately 65% of the country's territory is formed of sediments,&nbsp; which indicates a high probability of finding oil, almost anywhere in the country<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. As a result of Guatemala's geographical and topographical mountian-formation, the country has a water potential<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Consequently, the country has two major hydrographic regions<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:&nbsp;
+*Rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean
+*RIvers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean
+<br/>
+Regarding geothermal potential, Guatemala has 36 volcanoes, which are randomly distributed over an area of about 300km<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Moreover, Guatemala has a solar potential of approximately 200TWh<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. The wind in the country's area is classified as category 4 or higher, implying the country's potential to produce 20000GWh of wind energy annually<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+Though the country enjoys a wealth and wide varied biodiverse renewable and natural resources, yet they are not yet utilized to their full potential<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref><ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. For example; out of possible 5000MW hydroelectric power potential, Guatemala uses only 853 MW (17.06%), and of 1000MW potential of geothermal energy, the country uses just 49.2MW (4.92%)<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;<br/>
 <br/>
@@ Line 156: / Line 167: @@
 == Energy Access ==
-[[File:Gua 04 - Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 04 - Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Total Electricity Access 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
-[[File:Gua 05- Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 05- Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Electricity Access in Urban and Rural Areas 1990-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
 {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
@@ Line 187: / Line 198: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 06- Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 06- Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Access to Clean Cooking in Guatemala 2000-2016 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
 {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
@@ Line 213: / Line 224: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 10- Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018)]]
+[[File:Gua 10- Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2016 from Different Energy Sources (IEA, 2018)]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 223: / Line 234: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 11- Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 11- Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources (ClimateScope, 2018)]]<br/>
 For more details on the graph [http://global-climatescope.org/en/country/guatemala/#/enabling-framework Click Here].&nbsp;
@@ Line 231: / Line 242: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 12- Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 12- Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Final Energy Consumption from Different Energy Sources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
-[[File:Gua 13- Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 13- Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Sectorial Shares of Final Energy Consumption (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
 == Import and Export ==
@@ Line 239: / Line 250: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 15- Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 15- Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Net Energy Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
 The most recent Guatemalan imports were led by refined petroleum (~10.8%) of the total imports, while petroleum gas represented approximately 1.4%, and coal briquettes about 0.92%<ref name="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/">https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/</ref>.<br/>
@@ Line 314: / Line 325: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 16- Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 16- Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Total Electricity Consumtion 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
-[[File:Gua 17- Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 17- Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Electricity Generation by Different Fuels 1990-2016 (EIA, 2018)]]<br/>
-[[File:Gua 18- Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018)]]
+[[File:Gua 18- Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Shares of Different Fuels in Generating Electricity in Guatemala in 2016 (EIA, 2018)]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 368: / Line 379: @@
 <br/>
-[[File:Gua 07- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share in Total Energy Consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share in the Country's Total Energy Consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 07- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share in Total Energy Consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share in the Country's Total Energy Consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 08- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share with Accordance to End Use in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share with Accordance to End Use in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 09- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Consumption by Source in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Consumption by Source in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.8: Guatemala's Total Renewable Energy Capacity 2008-2017<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)&nbsp;
+| 1182
+| 1206
+| 1311
+| 1341
+| 1515
+| 1646
+| 1775
+| 2178
+| 2667
+| 2753
+|}
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 19- Guatemala's Renewables-Generated Electricity by Source 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Renewables-Generated Electricity by Source 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 20- Share of Renewable Sources in Guatemalan Electricity Generation (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Share of Renewable Sources in Guatemalan Electricity Generation (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+== Hydropower ==
+According to the International Hydropower Association (IHA)'s 2017 report on global hydropower status, Guatemala ranks 20th worldwide in the new hydropower installed during 2016 with 163MW capacity added that year<ref name="International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf">International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf</ref>. Also the country ranks 6th in the Northern and Central America region with total installed power approximately 1154MW<ref name="International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf">International Hydropower Association (IHA). (2017). The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an Insight into Recent Hydropower Development and Sector Trends around the World. Retrieved From: https://www.hydroworld.com/content/dam/hydroworld/online-articles/2017/08/2017%20Hydropower%20Status%20Report-1.pdf</ref>.<br/>
+<br/>
-[[File:Gua 08- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share with Accordance to End Use in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Share with Accordance to End Use in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 21- Guatemalan Hydro-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Hydro-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
-[[File:Gua 09- Guatemalan Renewable Energy Consumption by Source in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|850px|Guatemalan Renewable Energy Consumption by Source in 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/>
+<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The country has potential for environmentally-friendly hydropower on different scales: household-scale turbines (100s of Watts), community-scale systems (10s of KWatts) and grid-connected-scale (MWs)</span><ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;
+<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.9: Guatemala's Hydropower Capacity 2008-2016<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)
+| 776
+| 668
+| 885
+| 902
+| 986
+| 997
+| 1001
+| 1087
+| 1392
+| 1438
+|}
+<br/>
+A micro-hydro project of 165 kW,&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">which is located 300km northwest of Guatemala city,</span> was constructed to serve approximately 2500 individuals of Chel, Xesayi and Las Flores<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>. The project was community-built, with each family contributing 80 days of labor between 2003-2007 in exchange for a connection to the system<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>. The power generated of this project was able to turn Chel into a regional hub, consequently pushing small businesses to flourish, such as: butchers, ice factories, blacksmiths and a library<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 25- Local Workers Carrying Construction Materials for the Micro-Hydroelectric Plant in Chel.PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Local Workers Carrying Construction Materials for the Micro-Hydroelectric Plant in Chel, Guatemala]]<br/>
+== Wind&nbsp; ==
+Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) used to estimate wind energy potential in the country as high as 7000MW, while much more conservative opinions consider the economically viable wind potential in the country is somewhere between 400-700MW<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 22- Guatemalan Wind-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan Wind-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.10: Guatemala's Wind Energy Capacity 2008-2017<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)
+| 0
+| 0
+| 0
+| 0
+| 0
+| 0
+| 0
+| 76
+| 76
+| 76
+|}
+<br/>
+== Solar ==
+According to the solar maps of Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA), Guatemala's average solar irradiaion is 5.3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.</span>
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 27- Guatemala's Solar Irradiation Map (Koberle. 2012).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Solar Irradiation Map (Koberle. 2012)]]<br/>
+Few small photovoltaic projects have been implemented in several Guatemalan remote areas, which have no access to grid electricity<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>. Back in 2004, USAID has partnered with Fundación Solar and other local NGOs in order to launch 180 photovoltaic projects in six rural communities in the Northern Quiche region of Guatemala for: households, both commercial and community use<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.<br/>
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 23- Guatemalan PV Solar-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemalan PV Solar-Generated Electricity 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.11: Guatemala's Total Solar Capacity 2008-2017<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)
+| 0
+| 0
+| 1
+| 1
+| 2
+| 3
+| 10
+| 93
+| 93
+| 99
+|}
+<br/>
+== Bioenergy ==
+Guatemala has a powerful agro-industrial sector with considerable biomass waste products, hence there is a large potential for generating electricity from agricultural biomass in the country<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guatemalan sugar mills already use their produced waste of biomass to generate electricity in the country<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.</span>
+<br/>
+During the country's harvest season, which is from November-May, these mills have the ability to generate about 25% of Guatemala's electricity<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>. Thus by burning sugarcane bagasse along with other residues<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 24- Biogas-Generated Electricity in Guatemala 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Biogas-Generated Electricity in Guatemala 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.12: Guatemala's Total Bioenergy Capacity 2008-2017<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)
+| 351
+| 373
+| 372
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">384</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">473</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">598</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">714</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">873</span><br/>
+| 1056
+| 1091
+|}
+<br/>
+For firewood, though it is widely used in the country, its energy is inefficiently exploited across rural areas<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>. This is because an estimation of approximately 81% of the households, which use this form of energy, are found to use it in a type of stoves called "three stones stoves", which wastes about 90% of the produced energy<ref name="British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf">British Embassy Guatemala City. (2013). Guatemala: Energy Sector Opportunities for UK Companies. Retrieved From: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/200567/GUATEMALA_-_Energy_Sector_Report_2013.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;
+<br/>
+Moreover, it is estimated that about 16 million cubic meters of wood are consumed <span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">annually&nbsp;</span>in Guatemala<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Another estimation that approximately 60-70% of households cooking with wood lack a sustainable fireplace for the extraction of the produced smoke<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Finally, with accordance to the Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC), 72% of Guatemala's households use wood as energy source for cooking, which represents a major concern for health damage nation-wide<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+== Geothermal ==
+During the 70s, several international agencies (JICA, IDB, OPEC, ROCAP/USAID, IAEA & OLADE) cooperated with INDE for identifying Guatemala's geothermal resources<ref name="Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf">Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf</ref>. In conclusion, it was found that the country has more than 12 geothermal important resrevoirs<ref name="Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf">Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+Approximate estimates show that the country has a geothermal potential power in the range 400-4000MW, and some literature assume it is 800-4000MW<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref><ref name="Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf">Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf</ref>. Yet, Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mines claims that the economically viable potential does not exceed 1000MW<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 26- Guatemalan Potential Geothermal Sites (Koberle. 2012).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Potential Geothermal Sites (Koberle. 2012)]]<br/>
+The interest to invest in Guatemala's geothermal potential is on the rise, with 2 geothermal plants are currently operating in the country -and they represent its main geothermal operating resources-: Zunil (24MW capacity) &&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Ortitlán (25MW capacity)<ref name="Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf">Koberle, A. (2012). An Alternative Power Development Plan for Guatemala. Retrieved From: https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/energia_ingles_072412.pdf</ref><ref name="Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf">Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf</ref>.</span>
+<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.13: Guatemala's Total Geothermal Capacity 2008-2017<ref name="Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf">Whiteman, A. Sohn, J. Arkhipova, I. & Elsayed, S. (2018). Renewable Capacity Statistics 2018. Retrieved From: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Year
+! scope="col" | 2008
+! scope="col" | 2009
+! scope="col" | 2010
+! scope="col" | 2011
+! scope="col" | 2012
+! scope="col" | 2013
+! scope="col" | 2014
+! scope="col" | 2015
+! scope="col" | 2016
+! scope="col" | 2017
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity (MW)
+| 54
+| 54
+| 54
+| 54
+| 54
+| 49
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">49</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">49</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">49</span><br/>
+| <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">49</span><br/>
+|}
+<br/>
+The main barriers for developing geothermal resources in Guatemala<ref name="Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf">Urízar, C. (2012). Reactivating Guatemala’s Geothermal Industry: A Preliminary Approach. Retrieved From: https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/fealac/pdfs/2-3_guatemala.pdf</ref>:
+#Economic constraints.
+#High risk in early stages (exploratory stages).<br/>
+#Competition with the possibility of developing cheaper energy sources, such as: hydropower & natural gas.
+<br/>
+<span dir="LTR"></span>The Guatemalan government has a plan of using geothermal power to supply for two thirds of the country’s energy needs by 2022<ref name="Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf">Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf</ref>. Thus reducing oil imports and stabilizing the country’s energy supply<ref name="Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf">Glenn, J. & Matek, B. (2014). The Status of Geothermal Power in Emerging Economies. Retrieved From: http://geo-energy.org/events/Emerging%20Economies%20Market%20Update%20draft_final_Oct%2016th_final.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
 = Fossil Fuels<br/> =
-= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Key Problems of the Energy Sector</span><br/> =
+== Crude Oil & Refined Petroleum Products ==
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.14: 2017 Crude Oil's General Indicators in Guatemala<ref name="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Indicator
+! scope="col" | Production
+! scope="col" | Exports
+! scope="col" | Imports
+! scope="col" | Proved Reserves
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity
+| 9641 bbl/day
+| 7873 bbl/day
+| 0
+| 83.07 million bbl
+|-
+! scope="row" | World Ranking
+| 80
+| 60
+| 135
+| 76
+|}
+<br/>
+Crude oil production in Guatemala has high potential, with estimations suggesting the possibility of reaching 50000 barrels/day<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>. Main Guatemalan products in that regard are: ''''''heavy crude oil'''''' with API gravities 10-22.3 & ''''''bitter'''''' with Sulphur percentages > 1%<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+The Guatemalan petroleum products are mainly exploited for the purpose of heat generation for both industrial and transportation sectors<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 29- Guatemala's Crude Oil & Other Petroleum Products' Production 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Crude Oil & Other Petroleum Products' Production 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 30- Guatemala's Final Consumption of Crude Oil & Different Petroleum Products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Final Consumption of Crude Oil & Different Petroleum Products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+[[File:Gua 31- Guatemala's Different Sectorial Shares of the Final Consumption of Oil Products (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Different Sectorial Shares of the Final Consumption of Oil Products (IEA, 2018)]]<br/>
+By the year 2013, Guatemala's Ministry of Energy and Mining has reported that the country's total production of oil was approximately 4 million barrels, with an average of 9986 barrels/day<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>. Though, the evolution of hydrocarbons in Guatemala still have a high potential, as several studies -conducted by different institutions- have shown that Guatemala has oil reserves with the capacity of 83 million barrels<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>. Furthermore, some indicators have shown that the country's capacity of oil reserves could be yet up to 750 million barrels<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 32- Guatemala's Crude Oil Exports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Crude Oil Exports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]
+<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.15: 2017's Refined Petroleum Products' Indicators in Guatemala<ref name="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Indicator
+! scope="col" | Production
+! scope="col" | Consumption
+! scope="col" | Exports
+! scope="col" | Imports
+|-
+! scope="row" | Capacity
+| 1670 bbl/day
+| 94770 bbl/day
+| 8178 bbl/day
+| 102600 bbl/day
+|-
+! scope="row" | World Rank
+| 105
+| 83
+| 86
+| 56
+|}
+<br/>
+== Coal ==
+[[File:Gua 34- Guatemala's Coal Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|Guatemala's Coal Imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2018)]]
+<br/>
+= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Key Problems of the Energy Sector</span><br/> =
+A central challenge for the whole region is assuring an environmentally-friendly and sustainable provision of the energy system, along with meeting both the social and economic objectives of each country<ref name="Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>.
+[[Energy Security and Sustainability Dimensions|Read here how energy security is linked to the dimensions of sustainability]].<br/>
+{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1"
+|+ Table.16: Key Concerns of the Energy Sector in the Light of Energy Security & Sustainable Development Dimensions<ref name="Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Ochaeta, K. (2014). Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028. Master thesis in Sustainable Development at Uppsala University. Retrieved From: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf</ref><ref name="Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Yépez, A. Levy, A. & Valencia, A. M. (2016). The Energy Sector: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7801/The-Energy-Sector-Opportunities-and-Challenges.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | <br/>
+! scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | Energy Security Dimensions
+! scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | Sustainable Development Dimensions
+|-
+! scope="row" | Concerns Regard:
+! Adequacy
+! Resilience
+! Sovereignty
+! Economic
+! Social
+! Environmental
+|-
+! scope="row" | Electricity Generation
+|
+*Power shortages, which could interrupt the supply
+|
+*System's ability/disability to switch to different source upon disruption
+|
+*Dependency on imported fuels
+|
+*Inadequate electricity supply
+|
+*Lacking equity in electricity access
+|
+*Emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, SO<sub>X</sub>, NO<sub>X</sub>
+*Ecosystems disturbances
+|-
+! scope="row" | Energy Sources:
+| rowspan="1" colspan="6" | <br/>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal & Natural Gas)
+|
+*Availability of supply
+|
+*Limited diversity of suppliers
+|
+*Dependency on imports
+|
+*Increase in prices, consequently limiting the user's ability to pay
+|
+*Negative health impacts on population
+|
+*Emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, SO<sub>X</sub>, NO<sub>X</sub>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Hydropower
+|
+*Availability of seasonal water
+*Storage capacity
+|
+*Hydro dams diversity & distribution
+| --
+| --
+|
+*Possible relocations of communities
+|
+*The effect of downstream on ecosystems
+*Methane emissions in large dams
+|-
+! scope="row" | Geothermal Power
+| --
+|
+*Limited amount of geothermal power plants
+| --
+| --
+| --
+|
+*CO<sub>2</sub> emissions
+*Chemical pollution
+|-
+! scope="row" | Biomass from Sugar-Cane Residues
+|
+*Variability
+*Seasonal availability
+|
+*Limited diversity of resources
+| --
+| --
+| --
+|
+*Emissions of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Wind Power
+|
+*Intermittency
+*Availability
+|
+*Limited amount of wind farms
+| --
+| --
+|
+*Possibility of conflicts over land use
+|
+*Disturbance of ecosystems
+|}
+<br/>
 = <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations</span></span><br/> =
+== General Outline ==
+The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is the sole state body that is responsible for both the development and coordination of policies, plans and programs related to the Guatemalan energy sector<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>. The main responsibilities of the Ministry are<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>:
+*Ensuring that the authorization process for installing plants is in accordance with the existing laws
+*Ensuring that the services of hydrocarbon exploration, exploitation, transportation and distribution are in accordance with the existing laws
+*Addressing concerns with regard to the legal system for generation, transmission, distribution and marketing of electricity.
+*Issuing mining exploitation policies
+*Studying and promoting the use of renewables&nbsp;
+*Trying to achieve energy self-sufficiency in the country
+*Coordinating the actions necessary for maintaining an adequate, and efficient supply of oil, petroleum products and natural gas, with accordance to both the natioanl demand and the related laws
+*Formulation of policies for the energy sector
+*Proposing and enforcing environmental regulations on energy
+*Issuing an opinion on the scope of its own jurisdiction over the policies and projects of other public institutions, in order to indicate the situation of the energy development in the country
+*Exercising regulatory, control and suprvisory roles with relation to electricity and the laws governing it
+<br/>
+[http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2.3-Ley-y-Reglamento-de-Incentivos-de-Energia-Renovables.pdf The Renewable Energy Projects Law (Decree 52-2003)] provides incentives for municipalities, The National Electrification Institute (INDE), joint ventures, individuals and legal entities to engage in renewable energy projects<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>:
+#Tax exemption for up to 10 years: Including the value added tax (VAT) for the machinery and equipment used in the project during the preliminary stage and construction
+#Income tax exemption for up to 10 years
+#Exemption of denominated tax on enterprise and agricultural businesses for a period up to 10 years
+#Advertising the high potential of the sector, as approximately 3 million Guatemalan people still in need for electricity, implying investment opportunities of 500 million US$, with high return
+<br/>
+== The Hydrocarbons Sub-Sector ==
+*Regulated -mainly- by the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>
+*Other regulating institutions<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources - The Protected Areas Commission
+*The laws which established the different regulatory roles of these institutions<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>: [https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1244&context=la_energy_policies The Hydrocarbon Law (Decree 109-83)] - The Law for Commercialization of Hydrocarbons (Decree 109-97) - The Regulation for Invitations to submit offers to conclude oil exploration and exploitation contracts (Government Agreement 764-92)&nbsp;
+*The Law for Fund for National Economic Development, which came into force in 2008, aims to distribute the raised funds by the oil operations as follows<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>: 20% to the department development councils where petroleum operations are executed - 5% to all department development councils where there are no oil operations - 3% to public entities responsible for the conservation of protected areas
+<br/>
+== The Electricity Sub-Sector ==
+This sub-sector is defined and regulated as shown in the following table:
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.17: The Main Regulators of the Electricity Sub-Sector in Guatemala<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Institution
+! scope="col" | Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)
+! scope="col" | The National Energy Commission
+! scope="col" | The Wholesale Market Administrator
+|-
+! scope="row" | Role
+| The policy maker
+| The regulator
+|
+*The national operator of the interconnected national system
+*Administrator of the national system 's transactions
+|}
+<br/>
+*These three entities govern the whole sub-sector with all its<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>: generators - transporters - distributors - large users - marketers.
+*[http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Reglamento-de-LGE.pdf The Electricity Law (Decree No. 93-96)]&nbsp;is the main governing framwork of the sub-sector<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>, which states that the electricity generation in the country is free, and does not require state authorization<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>. The authorization is only required, when the generation exceeds 5MW, which is then granted by the Ministry of Energy and Mines<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>.&nbsp;
+*Further important laws forming the legal framwork in the sub-sector<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>: Regulation of the Wholesale Market Administrator (Governmental Agreement 299-98) - Social Tariff Law for Electric Power Supply (Decree 96-200) - The Law of Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy Projects (Decree 53-2003).
+<br/>
+== The Energy Policy 2013-2027 ==
+*The Guatemalan energy sector is formed entirely by two main sub-sectors: hydrocarbons & electricity<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>
+*The policy prioritizes the use of clean and environmentally friendly energy resources for national consumption<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>
+*The policy urges an interagency dialogue for conducting democratically social and economic development initiatives, which aim to ensure a comprehensive approach in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the public policy<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>
+*The policy aims to contribute to Guatemala's sustainable energy development with both<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>: social equity & respect to the environment&nbsp;
+*The policy is divided into two main frameworks, which are represented in the following table:
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.18: Guatemala's Energy Policy 2013-2027's Main Frameworks<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Framework
+! scope="col" | General Framework
+! scope="col" | Strategic Framework
+|-
+! scope="row" | Summary
+|
+*Provides information on the energy sector's status and its corresponding sub-sectors
+*Addresses the concerns which are considered for the policy actions and objectives<br/>
+*Includes the legal and political framework, guiding principles and approaches<br/>
+*It develops the theoretical and conceptual underpinning vision for the medium and long teram sustainable development actions&nbsp;
+|
+*Contains policy's main points, comprising objectives, strategic priorities, goals, actions and public institutions related to the energy sector
+*Reflects the interventions required for achieving objectives
+|}
+*The energy policy 2013-2027 is based on the following laws and decrees<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:
+#Law of Hydrocarbons (Decree 109-86)
+#Law of Protected Areas (Decree 9-89 of the Congress of the Republic of Guatemala)
+#Law of Electricity (Decree 93-96)
+#Law of Hydrocarbon Commercialization (Decree 109-97)&nbsp;
+#Law of Urban and Rural Development Coucils (Decree 11-2002)
+#Municipal Code (Decree 12-2002)
+#General Law of Decentralization (Decree 14-2002)
+#Law of the Fund of National Economic Development (Decree 71-2008)
+#Regulation of Environmental Impact Studies
+*The policy is as well aligned with a number of international conventions , which are related to the energy sector, in addition to the national legal and policy framework<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+=== Important International Conventions ===
+On the international level, the State of Guatemala has signed and ratified several legal instruments for: environmental regulations, the protection of social and economic rights<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>. Consequently, these instruments would participate in the creation of the energy policy framework, plus identifying and guiding the implementation of its actions<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+The list below summarizes these international instruments affecting the Guatemalan enegy sector<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:&nbsp;
+*Universal Declaration of Human Rights
+*Declaration on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
+*Stockholm Declaration
+*World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Report)
+*Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal People
+*Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro
+*Kyoto Protocol
+*United Nations Global Compact
+*Millennium Development Goals. Millennium Summit
+*Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. World Summit on Sustainable Development
+*Rio+20 Declaration. United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development
+*Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
+<br/>
+Moreover, there is also a couple of regional legal instruments, which are noteworthy for energy sector compliance<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:
+*The Framework Treaty of Central America Electricity Market
+*The Central American Costumes Union<br/>
+&nbsp;
+=== National Legal and Policy Framework ===
+The following national legal instruments are important for enhancing the promotion of social dialogue processes within the energy sector<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:<br/>
+*Law of Decentralization (Decree 14-2002)<br/>
+*Law of Urban and Rural Development Councils (Decree 11-2002)<br/>
+*Municipal Code (Decree 12-2002)<br/>
+<br/>
+Furthermore, the following national policy actions play a vital role for accomplishing the objectives and goals of this policy<ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>:&nbsp;
+#National Policy for Development of Small and Medium Enterprise
+#Policy of Integral Rural Development
+#National Policy for Cleaner Production
+#National Water Policy
+#National Forest Policy
+#Policy for Environmental Management
+#Decentralization Policy
+<br/>
 = <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector</span></span></span><br/> =
+The Guatemalan energy sector has four fundamentally relevant state actors<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>. And since the country is one of few ones in Latin America that allows private companies to both extract and sell hydrocarbons, hence there also exist a number of significant participators<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref><ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>.
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 38- The Guatemalan Hydrocarbons' Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa et al., 2013).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|The Guatemalan Hydrocarbons' Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa et al., 2013)]]<br/>
+*The most important oil wells in Guatemala are owned by companies like<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref>: Perenco & Pacific Rubiales.
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ <br/>Table.19: Guatemalan Energy Sector Major Institutions and their Roles<ref name="Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf">Ávalos, C. (2014). Invest in Guatemala: Energy and Oil – Industry in Guatemala. Retrieved From: http://www.investinguatemala.org/sites/default/files/2-energy-oil_eng.pdf</ref><ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref><ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref><br/>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Institute
+! scope="col" | Abbreviation
+! scope="col" | Summary of Roles
+|-
+! scope="row" | Ministry of Energy and Mines
+| MEM
+|
+*<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sole state body that is responsible for both the development and coordination of policies, plans and programs related to the Guatemalan energy sector</span><br/>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Directorate General of Energy
+| DGE
+|
+*Belongs to the MEM
+*Direction and formulation of policies
+|-
+! scope="row" | Directorate General of Hydrocarbons
+| DGH
+|
+*Belongs to the MEM
+*Directing policies for the hydrocarbons sub-sector
+*Regulating actor for the hydrocarbons sub-sector
+|-
+! scope="row" | National Electric Energy Board
+| CNEE
+|
+*Directing and regulating policies for the electricity sub-section
+|-
+! scope="row" | National Electrification Institute
+| INDE
+|
+*Managing nearly 23.3% of the total installed electricity capacity in the country
+|-
+! scope="row" | Electricity Transport and Control Company
+| ETCEE
+|
+*Handles about 85% of the high voltage national networks in the transmission sector
+|}
+<br/>
+Guatemala has 44 private plants, which are together managing 76.7% of the country's installed capacity<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>. The private sector also effectively participates in the Guatemalan national transmission sector, by managing 15% of the country's high voltage network<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref>.
+<br/>
+In the distribution sector, three major companies are responsible for approximately 84% of the total national coverage, serving about 2.4 million users, while other 15 municipal companies provide the service for 205000 usres<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref><ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>.
+<br/>
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
+|+ Table.20: The Three Major Distributing Companies in Guatemala<ref name="Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Espinasa, R. Balza, L. Hinestrosa, C. and Sucre, C. (2013). Energy Dossier: Guatemala. Retrieve From: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/3856/Dossier%2005%20Guatemala%20Eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y</ref><ref name="Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf">Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). (2015). Energy Policy 2013-2027. Retrieved From: http://www.mem.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Energy-Policy-2013-2027.pdf</ref>
+|-
+! scope="row" | Empresa Electrica de Guatemala
+! scope="col" | Distribuidora de Electricidad de Oriente S.A.
+! scope="col" | <span style="font-size: 13.6px; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Distribuidora de Electricidad de Occidente S.A.</span><br/>
+|-
+| EEGSA
+| DEORSA
+| DEOCSA
+|}
+<br/>
+[[File:Gua 39- The Guatemalan Electricity's Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa, 2013).PNG|thumb|center|750pxpx|The Guatemalan Electricity's Sub-Sector Structure in 2011 (Espinasa, 2013)]]<br/>
 = <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span></span></span></span><br/> =
-= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span></span></span></span>Further Information<br/> =
+= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"></span></span></span></span>Further Information<br/> =
 *[https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/country/guatemala Tracking SDG7 in Guatemala 2018]
@@ Line 390: / Line 1,122: @@
 *[https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gtm/ Guatemala's Total Imports & Exports]
 *[http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:749642/FULLTEXT01.pdf Energy Security and Sustainable Development Implications for Guatemala of the Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2014-2028]<br/>
+*[https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-009-9340?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&comp=pluk&bhcp=1 Overview of the Electricity Regulation in Guatemala]
+*[https://www.ptb.de/cms/en.html PTB] project "[[:File:PTB project LAC Energy 95309 EN.pdf|Quality Infrastructure for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy]]" in Latin America and the Caribbean
 = References =
 <references /><br/>

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Difference between revisions of "Guatemala Energy Situation"