Difference between revisions of "Zimbabwe Energy Situation"

From energypedia
***** (***** | *****)
m
***** (***** | *****)
 
(30 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
{{CES Country|CES Country Name=Zimbabwe
 +
|CES Country Capital=Harare
 +
|CES Country Region Africa=Sub-Saharan Africa
 +
|CES Country Coordinates=17.8333° S, 31.0500° E
 +
}}
  
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="font-size: 14px; width: 400px; float: right;"
+
= Introduction =
 +
 
 +
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It shares its borders with Zambia to the northwest, Mozambique to the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana in the southwest. The capital city is Harare. Much of Zimbabwe is elevated in the high veld/central plateau that stretches from the southwest to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,600 meters. The world’s largest curtain of falling water the Victoria Falls is located in the northwest of Zimbabwe<ref name="CIA. The World Factbook Zimbabwe: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">CIA. The World Factbook Zimbabwe: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html</ref>.
 +
 
 +
Zimbabwe relies on hydroelectric power. In rural parts of the country, 80-90% of the people depend on [[Cooking with Firewood|wood fuel]] and kerosene for cooking lighting. Food processing tasks like milling grain are usually carried out with diesel-powered system<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>.
 +
 
 +
Total electricity generation in 2009 was 7,900 gigawatt hours (Gwh). 53% of this was produced from renewable sources. Electricity consumption per capita in 2009 stood at 1,022-kilowatt hours (kWh). 33.9% of this total installed capacity was from hydroelectric plants<ref name="test1">https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation&action=formedit</ref>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Zimbabwe Electricity Generation.png|thumb|center|600px|Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ZI#elec]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
<div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
 +
{| style="font-size: 14px; width: 800px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="center"
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Zimbabwe'''<br/>
+
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.390625px">'''Energy Production'''</span></font>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[File:Zimbabwe Flag.png|border|center|180px|Flag of Zimbabwe|alt=Flag of _____.png]]<br/>
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''2005'''
| [[File:Zimbabwe Location.png|center|180px|Location of Zimbabwe|alt=Location _______.png]]<br/>
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''2007'''
 +
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''2008'''
 +
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''2009'''
 +
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''2010'''
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
 +
*'''5,801.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 +
</div></div></div>
 +
| style="width: 130px" |
 +
*'''4,541.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 +
 +
| style="width: 154px" | <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
 +
*'''4,263.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 +
</div></div></div>
 
|  
 
|  
Capital
+
*'''4,202.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
  
|  
+
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
Harare
+
*'''4,202.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 +
</div></div></div>
 +
|}
 +
</div></div></div></div>
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 +
 
 +
= Energy Sources<br/> =
 +
 
 +
The energy supply options fro Zimbabwe have a mixture of hydroelectricity, coal and renewable sources. The grid is well developed with efforts after 1980 having extended supplies to rural business and government administrative areas<ref name="Country Energy Information Zimbabwe. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Africa/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Zimbabwe.pdf">Country Energy Information Zimbabwe. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Africa/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Zimbabwe.pdf</ref>.
 +
 
 +
Much of Zimbabwe's electricity is produced at the <span data-scaytid="2" data-scayt_word="Kariba">Kariba</span> Dam Hydroelectric Power Station (about 750 MW), at <span data-scaytid="3" data-scayt_word="Hwange">Hwange</span> Thermal Power Station which has an installed capacity of 920 MW, and at three minor coal fired stations.
 +
 
 +
Apart from the <span data-scaytid="4" data-scayt_word="Kariba">Kariba</span> Dam Hydroelectric Power Station, there is still quite a lot of hydropower potential especially along the Zambezi River. Solar Power has enormous potential both in small and large scale. Wind and <span data-scaytid="6" data-scayt_word="biogas">biogas</span> energy are other possibilities<ref name="Energy In Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe">Energy In Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe</ref>.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Zimbabwe Primary Energy Supply 2009.png|thumb|center|550px|Source: Adapted from Reegle. Energy Profile of Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW]]
 +
 
 +
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
|-
+
== [[Portal:Hydro|Hydropower]] ==
|
 
Official language(s)<br/>
 
  
|
+
Zimbabwe has a hydropower potential of 18,500 <span data-scaytid="7" data-scayt_word="GWh">GWh</span> a year, of which 17,500 <span data-scaytid="8" data-scayt_word="GWh">GWh</span> is technically feasible. To date about 19% of the technically feasible potential has already been exploited.<br/><span data-scaytid="9" data-scayt_word="Rusitu">Rusitu</span> Hydro, a mini hydro plant of 750 kW operated privately sells power to the state-owned company, Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Holdings (<span data-scaytid="11" data-scayt_word="ZESA">ZESA</span>). The government is also planning to add a further 5 MW of small-hydro. About 8 small-hydro plants are currently installed, ranging from 3 kW to over 700 kW. The total potential of small-hydro in Zimbabwe is estimated at 120 MW. <span data-scaytid="12" data-scayt_word="Gairezi">Gairezi</span>, which is located in the <span data-scaytid="13" data-scayt_word="Nyanga">Nyanga</span> district is particularly promising, with an estimate 30 MW of potential capacity<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>.<br/>
Chewa, Chibarwe, English<br/>Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya<br/>Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani<br/>Shona, Sign language<br/>Sotho, Tonga, Tswana<br/>Venda, Xhosa<ref name="The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf">The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf</ref><br/>
 
  
|-
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
|
 
Government
 
  
|  
+
== [[Portal:Solar|Solar Energy]] ==
Presidential System
 
  
|-
+
The average solar insolation in Zimbabwe is 5.7 kWh/<span data-scaytid="14" data-scayt_word="m2">m2</span>/day. There is an enormous potential for use of solar PV and solar water heaters that has not yet been exploited. Technically, solar PV has a potential of 300 MW. At present only 1% of the technical potential for solar water heaters has been exploited. Solar power is mostly installed in rural areas of Zimbabwe at service centers such as schools, clinics, police stations and hospitals. However, the private home market for solar is growing. Solar-powered ‘base stations’ for charging electrical appliances have also been installed through the national telecommunications company <span data-scaytid="15" data-scayt_word="NetOne">NetOne</span>.<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>
|
 
President
 
  
|  
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
Robert Gabriel Mugabe
 
  
|-
+
== [[Portal:Solid Biomass|Biomass]] ==
|
 
Total area
 
  
|
+
Biomass accounts for about 66% of the energy use. Fuelwood is the most important domestic fuel in the country. It is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating for over 80% of the population mainly in the rural and peri-urban areas<ref name="Country Energy Information Zimbabwe. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Africa/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Zimbabwe.pdf">Country Energy Information Zimbabwe. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Africa/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Zimbabwe.pdf</ref>.
390,757 km<sup>2</sup>
 
  
|-
+
The potential of bagasse/co-generation in Zimbabwe is estimated to be 633 GWh, particularly from sugarcane. There is also the potential for power generation from wood waste generated from the timber industry with over 70,000 tons of biomass waste each year. In the long-term, this figure is projected to double by 2015. At most large timber mills, only a small fraction (~10%) of wood waste that is generated, is currently consumed in process steam boilers for lumber drying kilns, while the vast majority is burned in the open air or dumped. It’s estimated that at least 4 MW of power could potentially be generated from waste that is produced from large mills.
|
 
Population
 
  
|
+
More than 200 biogas plants have been installed in Zimbabwe, mainly by the Department of Energy. (African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN)<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;  font-size: 0.85em"></span>
12 973 808 (2012 Estimate)<ref>"Census Results in Brief". Zimbabwe National Statistical AgencyfckLRAvailable at: http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf</ref>
 
  
|-
+
There is also great potential for generating electricity sing biogas from animal waste due to the large population of livestock in Zimbabwe.
|
 
Rural population
 
  
|
+
In the south of Zimbabwe, there are 2 sugarcane-crushing mills that use more than 1.3 million tons of bagasse for electricity generation for the sugar factories.
7756587.12 (2010)<ref name="Rural Population in Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/rural-population-wb-data.html">Rural Population in Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/rural-population-wb-data.html</ref>
 
  
|-
+
Zimbabwe has a target of substituting 10% of its fuel requirements by 2015 through biofuels. The plans to meet this target are through expanding sugar cane growth for ethanol production, expanding Jatropha growth (by planting 122,000 hectares), and constructing a 500 million-liter/annum ethanol production plant that is currently implemented under a public-private partnership. Additionally, a 35 million-liter/annum biodiesel production facility is already in place in Zimbabwe.
|
 
GDP (nominal)
 
  
|  
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
US$ 10.978 billion (2013 Estimate)<ref name="International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=</ref>
 
  
|-
+
== [[Portal:Wind|Wind Energy]] ==
|
 
GDP Per capita
 
  
|
+
The average wind speed in Zimbabwe is estimated to be 3.5 m/s. A non-governmental organization called ZERO conducted a number of feasibility studies and also financed the production of 1 and 4 kW wind turbines for off-grid use and for providing power to municipal buildings.<br/>In the areas of <span data-scaytid="17" data-scayt_word="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</span> and the Eastern Highlands, there is potential for power generation from wind turbines because these regions have the most prevalent wind speeds ranging from 4 to 6 m/s<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;  font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
US$ 589 (2013 Estimate)<ref name="International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">International Monetary Fund. Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=</ref>
 
  
|-
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
|
 
Currency
 
  
|
+
== Geothermal Energy ==
Various<ref name="The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), South African rand (R), Botswana pula (P), Pound sterling (£) and Euro (€) are now used instead.[9] The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe">The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), South African rand (R), Botswana pula (P), Pound sterling (£) and Euro (€) are now used instead.[9] The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe</ref>
 
  
|-
+
In 1985 the geothermal potential was acknowledged as being 50 MW. Currently not much else is known about the potential of geothermal. Due to <span data-scaytid="18" data-scayt_word="Zimbabwes’s">Zimbabwes’s</span> proximity to the Rift Valley region, it is reasonable to assume that geothermal power generation can be applied<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;  font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
|
 
Time zone
 
  
|  
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
Central Africa Time (UTC+2)
 
  
|-
+
== Fossil Fuels ==
|
 
Electricity generation
 
  
|
+
Zimbabwe has 30 billion tons of coal in 21 known deposits that could last for over 100 years<ref name="Energy in Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe">Energy in Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe</ref>.
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">7.8084 billion kilowatthours (2010)<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ZI#elec">U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ZI#elec</ref></span>
 
  
|-
+
Hwange Colliery Company (HCC) is the major coal company in Zimbabwe, with 38% owned by the government. HCC has large deposits of coal but does not have the financial resources to significantly boost output. HCC provided coal to the Hwange Thermal Power Plant, the largest thermal facility in Zimbabwe that has a capacity of about 750 MW, but is currently only producing 220 MW of power.
|
 
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Access to Electricity</span>
 
  
|
+
In September 2013, a Chinese backed company, China Africa Sunlight Energy, announced plans to develop a 600 MW coal-fired electricity plant in western Zimbabwe, beginning in 2014. The project is part of US$ 2 billion energy projects in Zimbabwe<ref name="China-backed firm plans 600 MW Zimbabwe electricity plant. Reuters, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/04/zimbabwe-electricity-idUSL6N0H028X20130904">China-backed firm plans 600 MW Zimbabwe electricity plant. Reuters, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/04/zimbabwe-electricity-idUSL6N0H028X20130904</ref>.
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">National: 41.5%<ref name="IRENA. RENEWABLE ENERGY COUNTRY PROFILE Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zimbabwe.pdf#zoom=75">IRENA. RENEWABLE ENERGY COUNTRY PROFILE Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/africa/Zimbabwe.pdf#zoom=75</ref></span>
 
  
Urban: 80%
+
Zimbabwe does not have any indigenous sources of oil and natural gas and thus depends on imports for liquid fuel<ref name="CIA Factbook Zimbabwe. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">CIA Factbook Zimbabwe. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html </ref>. The majority of Zimbabwe’s refined petroleum and diesel oil are imported via a pipeline from the port of Beira in Mozambique to Mutare. Petroleum and diesel are also imported from South Africa<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Zimbabwe-ENERGY-AND-POWER.html">Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Zimbabwe-ENERGY-AND-POWER.html</ref>.
  
Rural: 19%
+
Oil product imports in 2009 were estimated at 13,140 bbl./day, with consumption being approximately equal. Fuel import spending in 2009 stood at US$ 454 million, or 15.7% of total import expenditure.
  
|-
+
A project is underway to produce 20% of the country’s liquid fuel as ethanol from sugar cane in Chipinge, Manicaland<ref name="Chipinge hope to Zimbabwe, The Zimbabwean. 2010-11-04. http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35319:chipinge-hope-to-zimbabwe&catid=43&Itemid=38">Chipinge hope to Zimbabwe, The Zimbabwean. 2010-11-04. http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35319:chipinge-hope-to-zimbabwe&catid=43&Itemid=38</ref>.<span style="font-size: 0.85em;  line-height: 1.5em"></span>
|
 
Wind energy (installed capacity)
 
  
|  
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">MW(Year)</span>
 
  
|-
+
= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
|
 
Solar Energy (installed capacity)
 
  
|
+
Although national electricity access stands at 40%, access to electricity in rural areas (19%) is much lower than that in urban areas (80%) due to the prohibitive costs of extending national electricity grids.
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">MW (Year)</span>
 
  
|}
+
Capacity is a major concern in Zimbabwe. No new developments have occurred in the country’s generation sector since the commissioning of the Hwange Coal Plant in 1988. Thus only about 60% of the country’s installed capacity is available.
  
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="left" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="font-size: 14px; width: 350px;"
+
Furthermore, all coal-fired stations in Zimbabwe are in need of major upgrades as currently they have frequent production stops or are not producing at all. This has lead to frequent and long lasting blackouts in the country. Imports of energy from neighboring countries are not enough to solve the under capacity problem. As a result, power outages continue to affect the economic performance of industries and services. Small-scale power generators are used all over the country to ease this situation<ref name="Energy In Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe">Energy In Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe</ref>.
|-
 
| __TOC__
 
  
|}
+
<br/>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
+
<div><div id="ftn1">
= Overview<br/> =
+
<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em"></span>
 +
</div></div>
 +
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It shares its borders with Zambia to the northwest, Mozambique to the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana in the southwest. The capital city is Harare. Much of Zimbabwe is elevated in the high veld/central plateau that stretches from the southwest to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,600 meters. The world’s largest curtain of falling water the Victoria Falls is located in the northwest of Zimbabwe<ref name="CIA. The World Factbook Zimbabwe: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">CIA. The World Factbook Zimbabwe: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html</ref>.
+
== General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> ==
  
Zimbabwe relies on hydroelectric power. In rural parts of the country, 80-90% of the people depend on wood fuel and kerosene for cooking lighting. Food processing tasks like milling grain are usually carried out with diesel-powered system<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>.
+
The Zimbabwean government has plans to boost the electrification rate to 85% by 2020. To achieve this target, ZESA announced the following plans<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>:<br/>
  
Total electricity generation in 2009 was 7,900 gigawatt hours (Gwh). 53% of this was produced from renewable sources. Electricity consumption per capita in 2009 stood at 1,022-kilowatt hours (kWh). 33.9% of this total installed capacity was from hydroelectric plants.
+
*Build another coal-fired power plant with a capacity of 1,400 MW
 +
*Expand capacity at Hwange Power Station by 600 MW
 +
*Add 300 MW to the Kariba Dam Hydroelectric Power Station
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
[[File:Zimbabwe Electricity Generation.png|thumb|center|600px|Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ZI#elec]]
+
These plans are being held back by the lack of resources ZESA has. In September 2011, an energy and power conference was held in Harare with the aim of boosting international awareness of the energy problems in Zimbabwe and thus attract potential funding sources.
 +
 
 +
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
 +
 +
== Important Laws and Regulations ==
 +
 +
The legislation that governs the electricity supply industry in Zimbabwe is the Electricity Act (Chapter 13:19) and Rural Electrification Fund Act (Chapter 13:20) of 2002. The Electricity Act created ZERC and provided the legal framework for the unbundling of the state-owned utility, ZESA<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;  font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
 
<div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
 
<div><div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
{| border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 14px; width: 800px;" align="center"
+
{| style="font-size: 14px;  width: 800px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="center"
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;  background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.38194465637207px">'''Renewable Energy Policies in Zimbabwe'''</span></font>
 +
|-
 +
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); width: 200px" | '''National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) and the Biofuels Policy (2020)'''<br/>
 +
| style="width: 200px" colspan="4" |
 +
It seeks to achieve:
 +
 
 +
*33% reduction in green house carbon emissions by 2030
 +
*20% ethanol bleding ratio by 2030<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202003190863.html</ref>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189);" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.390625px;">'''Energy Production'''</span></font>
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); width: 200px" | '''National Energy Policy (2012)'''
 +
| style="width: 200px" rowspan="1" colspan="4" | Policy support and strategic planning for multiple RE sources. The objectives of the Energy Policy are:<br/>
 +
*to ensure accelerated economic development<br/>
 +
*to facilitate rural development<br/>
 +
*to promote small-medium scale enterprises<br/>
 +
*to ensure environmentally friendly energy development, and<br/>
 +
*to ensure efficient utilisation of energy resources.<br/>
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px;" | '''2005'''
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px" | '''Energy Regulatory Act (2011)'''
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px;" | '''2007'''
+
| style="width: 200px" rowspan="1" colspan="4" | The ZERA (Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority) board issues and withdraws licences from all players in the Electricity, Petroleum and Renewable Energy Sectors. It is also responsible for creating a legal framework for fair competition of both private and public players<ref name="IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe">IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe</ref>.
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px;" | '''2008'''
 
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px;" | '''2009'''
 
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241); text-align: center; width: 200px;" | '''2010'''
 
 
|-
 
|-
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  text-align: center;  width: 200px" | '''National Electricity Act (2002)'''
*'''5,801.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
+
| style="width: 200px" rowspan="1" colspan="4" | The Electricity Act provided for the establishment of the Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission(ZERC). ZERC was responsible for licencing operators in the electricity sector, setting of electricity tariff as well as general regulation of the electricity sector to allow for fair competition in the electricity industry. Since the establishment of ZERA in January 2012, all the duties have been transferrred to ZERA and ZERC dissolved<ref name="IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe">IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe</ref>.
</div></div></div>
+
|-
| style="width: 130px;" |  
+
| style="background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);  width: 200px" | '''Rural Electrification Act (2002)'''
*'''4,541.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
+
| style="width: 200px" rowspan="1" colspan="4" | The Act allowed for the establishment of the Rural Electrification Fund Board responsible for holding and distribution of Rural Electrification Funds for all rural electrification projects countrywide. Allows for the expansion of the national electricity grid to rural government institutions, business centres and chief's homesteads on 100% subsidy and 60% subsidy on other connections. Also provides for decentralised electrication using renewable energy<ref name="IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe">IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe</ref>.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
The Ministry of Energy and Power Development is still developing a Renewable Energy Policy. This is being addressed through a number of initiatives.
  
| style="width: 154px;" | <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
+
The Electricity Regulatory Bill, currently awaiting Presidential signature, specifically provides for “the identification and promotion of the employment and development of sources of renewable energy”<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;  font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
*'''4,263.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 
</div></div></div>
 
|
 
*'''4,202.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 
  
| <div class="page" title="Page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column">
+
<br/>
*'''4,202.0''' GWh Total hydropower electricity generation<ref name="African Union/African Energy Commission.">African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf</ref>
 
</div></div></div>
 
|}
 
 
</div></div></div></div>
 
</div></div></div></div>
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
<br/>
+
== Specific Renewable Strategies ==
  
= Energy Sources<br/> =
+
In April 2018, the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) in Zimbabwe announced that they will electrify all public institutions such as schools, government extension offices, and other Government departments for free. REF offers 100% capital subsidy to the public institutions. The institutions only have to pay for the internal wiring of their buildings and the connection fees. For schools (only for administration block, science laboratories and computer laboratories), REF will also subsidize the internal wiring and the connection fees. <ref name="https://www.herald.co.zw/free-electric-connection-for-rural-institutions/">https://www.herald.co.zw/free-electric-connection-for-rural-institutions/</ref><br/>
  
[[File:Zimbabwe Primary Energy Supply 2009.png|thumb|center|550px|Source: Adapted from Reegle. Energy Profile of Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW]]
+
Since 2002, REF has electrified 2 699 primary schools, 1 359 secondary schools, 874 rural health centres, 411 Government extension offices, 244 chiefs’ households, 952 business centres, 774 small scale farms, 1175 villages and 803 other institutions.<ref name="https://www.herald.co.zw/free-electric-connection-for-rural-institutions/">https://www.herald.co.zw/free-electric-connection-for-rural-institutions/</ref><br/>
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
== Hydropower ==
+
In July 2019, Zimbabwe removed import duties on all solar-related products ranging from batteries to cables. The government also introduced a new mandate that all newly constructed infrastructure should have solar systems installed. This new move is aligned with the government's plan to promote local production as well as importing of solar equipment. The Zimbabwean government aims to produce 1575 MW of power from solar by 2030 (this is the same amount that Zimbabwe is producing currently). The government has also rolled out innovation mechanisms such as net metering and feed-in tariff for clean energy to enable Independent Power Producers to add their excess electricity to the national grid. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-energy-solar/power-short-zimbabwe-removes-barriers-to-solar-energy-expansion-idUSKCN1UC1W5</ref>
 +
 
 +
&nbsp;
 +
 
 +
<br/>[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
== Solar Energy ==
+
<br/>
  
== Biomass ==
 
  
== Biogas ==
+
= Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector =
 +
<p style="text-align: center;">[[File:Zimbabwe Power System Restructuring.jpg|thumb|center|600pxpx|Zimbabwe Power Sector Restructuring]]<br/></p>
 +
== Government ==
  
== Wind Energy ==
+
The Ministry of Energy and Power Development (www.energy.gov.zw) has overall responsibility for energy issues in Zimbabwe. The terms of reference include policy formulation, performance monitoring and regulation of the energy sector as well as research, development and promotion of new and renewable sources of energy. The Ministry supervises and oversees the performance of the energy parastatals, ZESA Holdings and NOCZIM.<br/>The Rural Electrification Fund Act (13:20) created a Rural Electrification Agency (REA,www.rea.co.zw) that has the mandate for the total electrification of all rural areas, funded by electrification levies and government stipends. The main functions of the agency are the planning of projects, the raising and accounting of rural electrification funds, and the monitoring of project implementation.<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref>
  
== Geothermal Energy ==
+
The Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre (SIRDC) carries out research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation. The Forestry Commission is active in the area of woody biomass as their mandate covers all state forests, which are a major source of fuel wood. The University of Zimbabwe’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Chinhoyi University of Technology run programs in renewable energy. The Harare Polytechnic has done some trials on Jatropha Curcas and biodiesel<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
== Fossil Fuels ==
+
Local and Rural District Councils under the Ministry of Local Government provide area-based planning at the levels of districts and provinces<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
= Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
= Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
+
== Energy Regulator ==
  
== General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy<br/> ==
+
The Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission (ZERC, www.zerc.co.zw) is a statutory body established under the Electricity Act, (Chapter 13:19) No. 4 of 2002, as amended by the Electricity Amendment Act No. 3 of 2003. It became operational in August 2003.<br/>The Petroleum Act, passed in 2006, provided for the establishment of the Petroleum Regulatory Authority (PRA), to licence and regulate the petroleum industry, to promote the development of efficient procurement, sales and distribution of petroleum products, and to safeguard the interests of consumers of petroleum products. The PRA also has an advisory role to the Minister. The PRA is still to be established<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
== Important Laws and Regulations ==
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
== Specific Strategies ==
+
== Electricity Market ==
  
(Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy, Poverty Reduction Strategy etc.)<br/>
+
The sector is primarily controlled by the state-owned company, Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Holdings (ZESA Holdings, www.zesa.co.zw), which, through its subsidiaries Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), and the Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), generate, import and distribute all electrical energy in the country<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
= Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector =
+
The National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (NOCZIM, www.noczim.co.zw) is the state-owned oil company responsible for procurement, storage and bulk distribution of petroleum products to oil marketing companies<ref name="Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW">Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW</ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em">.</span>
  
= Activities of Donors and Implementing Agencies<br/> =
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
  
= Further Information =
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
  
<references />
+
<references /><br/>
  
[[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
+
[[Zimbabwe Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
[[Category:Zimbabwe]]
 

Latest revision as of 07:28, 11 June 2021

Zimbabwe
Flag of Zimbabwe.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Harare

Region:

Coordinates:

17.8333° S, 31.0500° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

390,760

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

16,665,409 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

67 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

26,538,273,499 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

1,592.42 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

50.10 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

15.31 (2013)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

29.10 (2013)

Source: World Bank



Introduction

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It shares its borders with Zambia to the northwest, Mozambique to the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana in the southwest. The capital city is Harare. Much of Zimbabwe is elevated in the high veld/central plateau that stretches from the southwest to the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,600 meters. The world’s largest curtain of falling water the Victoria Falls is located in the northwest of Zimbabwe[1].

Zimbabwe relies on hydroelectric power. In rural parts of the country, 80-90% of the people depend on wood fuel and kerosene for cooking lighting. Food processing tasks like milling grain are usually carried out with diesel-powered system[2].

Total electricity generation in 2009 was 7,900 gigawatt hours (Gwh). 53% of this was produced from renewable sources. Electricity consumption per capita in 2009 stood at 1,022-kilowatt hours (kWh). 33.9% of this total installed capacity was from hydroelectric plants[3].



Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ZI#elec



Energy Production
2005 2007 2008 2009 2010
  • 5,801.0 GWh Total hydropower electricity generation[4]
  • 4,541.0 GWh Total hydropower electricity generation[4]
  • 4,263.0 GWh Total hydropower electricity generation[4]
  • 4,202.0 GWh Total hydropower electricity generation[4]
  • 4,202.0 GWh Total hydropower electricity generation[4]


►Go to Top

Energy Sources

The energy supply options fro Zimbabwe have a mixture of hydroelectricity, coal and renewable sources. The grid is well developed with efforts after 1980 having extended supplies to rural business and government administrative areas[5].

Much of Zimbabwe's electricity is produced at the Kariba Dam Hydroelectric Power Station (about 750 MW), at Hwange Thermal Power Station which has an installed capacity of 920 MW, and at three minor coal fired stations.

Apart from the Kariba Dam Hydroelectric Power Station, there is still quite a lot of hydropower potential especially along the Zambezi River. Solar Power has enormous potential both in small and large scale. Wind and biogas energy are other possibilities[6].


Source: Adapted from Reegle. Energy Profile of Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW

►Go to Top

Hydropower

Zimbabwe has a hydropower potential of 18,500 GWh a year, of which 17,500 GWh is technically feasible. To date about 19% of the technically feasible potential has already been exploited.
Rusitu Hydro, a mini hydro plant of 750 kW operated privately sells power to the state-owned company, Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Holdings (ZESA). The government is also planning to add a further 5 MW of small-hydro. About 8 small-hydro plants are currently installed, ranging from 3 kW to over 700 kW. The total potential of small-hydro in Zimbabwe is estimated at 120 MW. Gairezi, which is located in the Nyanga district is particularly promising, with an estimate 30 MW of potential capacity[2].

►Go to Top

Solar Energy

The average solar insolation in Zimbabwe is 5.7 kWh/m2/day. There is an enormous potential for use of solar PV and solar water heaters that has not yet been exploited. Technically, solar PV has a potential of 300 MW. At present only 1% of the technical potential for solar water heaters has been exploited. Solar power is mostly installed in rural areas of Zimbabwe at service centers such as schools, clinics, police stations and hospitals. However, the private home market for solar is growing. Solar-powered ‘base stations’ for charging electrical appliances have also been installed through the national telecommunications company NetOne.[2]

►Go to Top

Biomass

Biomass accounts for about 66% of the energy use. Fuelwood is the most important domestic fuel in the country. It is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating for over 80% of the population mainly in the rural and peri-urban areas[5].

The potential of bagasse/co-generation in Zimbabwe is estimated to be 633 GWh, particularly from sugarcane. There is also the potential for power generation from wood waste generated from the timber industry with over 70,000 tons of biomass waste each year. In the long-term, this figure is projected to double by 2015. At most large timber mills, only a small fraction (~10%) of wood waste that is generated, is currently consumed in process steam boilers for lumber drying kilns, while the vast majority is burned in the open air or dumped. It’s estimated that at least 4 MW of power could potentially be generated from waste that is produced from large mills.

More than 200 biogas plants have been installed in Zimbabwe, mainly by the Department of Energy. (African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN)[2].

There is also great potential for generating electricity sing biogas from animal waste due to the large population of livestock in Zimbabwe.

In the south of Zimbabwe, there are 2 sugarcane-crushing mills that use more than 1.3 million tons of bagasse for electricity generation for the sugar factories.

Zimbabwe has a target of substituting 10% of its fuel requirements by 2015 through biofuels. The plans to meet this target are through expanding sugar cane growth for ethanol production, expanding Jatropha growth (by planting 122,000 hectares), and constructing a 500 million-liter/annum ethanol production plant that is currently implemented under a public-private partnership. Additionally, a 35 million-liter/annum biodiesel production facility is already in place in Zimbabwe.

►Go to Top

Wind Energy

The average wind speed in Zimbabwe is estimated to be 3.5 m/s. A non-governmental organization called ZERO conducted a number of feasibility studies and also financed the production of 1 and 4 kW wind turbines for off-grid use and for providing power to municipal buildings.
In the areas of Bulawayo and the Eastern Highlands, there is potential for power generation from wind turbines because these regions have the most prevalent wind speeds ranging from 4 to 6 m/s[2].

►Go to Top

Geothermal Energy

In 1985 the geothermal potential was acknowledged as being 50 MW. Currently not much else is known about the potential of geothermal. Due to Zimbabwes’s proximity to the Rift Valley region, it is reasonable to assume that geothermal power generation can be applied[2].

►Go to Top

Fossil Fuels

Zimbabwe has 30 billion tons of coal in 21 known deposits that could last for over 100 years[7].

Hwange Colliery Company (HCC) is the major coal company in Zimbabwe, with 38% owned by the government. HCC has large deposits of coal but does not have the financial resources to significantly boost output. HCC provided coal to the Hwange Thermal Power Plant, the largest thermal facility in Zimbabwe that has a capacity of about 750 MW, but is currently only producing 220 MW of power.

In September 2013, a Chinese backed company, China Africa Sunlight Energy, announced plans to develop a 600 MW coal-fired electricity plant in western Zimbabwe, beginning in 2014. The project is part of US$ 2 billion energy projects in Zimbabwe[8].

Zimbabwe does not have any indigenous sources of oil and natural gas and thus depends on imports for liquid fuel[9]. The majority of Zimbabwe’s refined petroleum and diesel oil are imported via a pipeline from the port of Beira in Mozambique to Mutare. Petroleum and diesel are also imported from South Africa[10].

Oil product imports in 2009 were estimated at 13,140 bbl./day, with consumption being approximately equal. Fuel import spending in 2009 stood at US$ 454 million, or 15.7% of total import expenditure.

A project is underway to produce 20% of the country’s liquid fuel as ethanol from sugar cane in Chipinge, Manicaland[11].

►Go to Top

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Although national electricity access stands at 40%, access to electricity in rural areas (19%) is much lower than that in urban areas (80%) due to the prohibitive costs of extending national electricity grids.

Capacity is a major concern in Zimbabwe. No new developments have occurred in the country’s generation sector since the commissioning of the Hwange Coal Plant in 1988. Thus only about 60% of the country’s installed capacity is available.

Furthermore, all coal-fired stations in Zimbabwe are in need of major upgrades as currently they have frequent production stops or are not producing at all. This has lead to frequent and long lasting blackouts in the country. Imports of energy from neighboring countries are not enough to solve the under capacity problem. As a result, power outages continue to affect the economic performance of industries and services. Small-scale power generators are used all over the country to ease this situation[6].


►Go to Top

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

The Zimbabwean government has plans to boost the electrification rate to 85% by 2020. To achieve this target, ZESA announced the following plans[2]:

  • Build another coal-fired power plant with a capacity of 1,400 MW
  • Expand capacity at Hwange Power Station by 600 MW
  • Add 300 MW to the Kariba Dam Hydroelectric Power Station


These plans are being held back by the lack of resources ZESA has. In September 2011, an energy and power conference was held in Harare with the aim of boosting international awareness of the energy problems in Zimbabwe and thus attract potential funding sources.

►Go to Top


Important Laws and Regulations

The legislation that governs the electricity supply industry in Zimbabwe is the Electricity Act (Chapter 13:19) and Rural Electrification Fund Act (Chapter 13:20) of 2002. The Electricity Act created ZERC and provided the legal framework for the unbundling of the state-owned utility, ZESA[2].


Renewable Energy Policies in Zimbabwe
National Renewable Energy Policy (NREP) and the Biofuels Policy (2020)

It seeks to achieve:

  • 33% reduction in green house carbon emissions by 2030
  • 20% ethanol bleding ratio by 2030[12]
National Energy Policy (2012) Policy support and strategic planning for multiple RE sources. The objectives of the Energy Policy are:
  • to ensure accelerated economic development
  • to facilitate rural development
  • to promote small-medium scale enterprises
  • to ensure environmentally friendly energy development, and
  • to ensure efficient utilisation of energy resources.
Energy Regulatory Act (2011) The ZERA (Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority) board issues and withdraws licences from all players in the Electricity, Petroleum and Renewable Energy Sectors. It is also responsible for creating a legal framework for fair competition of both private and public players[13].
National Electricity Act (2002) The Electricity Act provided for the establishment of the Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission(ZERC). ZERC was responsible for licencing operators in the electricity sector, setting of electricity tariff as well as general regulation of the electricity sector to allow for fair competition in the electricity industry. Since the establishment of ZERA in January 2012, all the duties have been transferrred to ZERA and ZERC dissolved[13].
Rural Electrification Act (2002) The Act allowed for the establishment of the Rural Electrification Fund Board responsible for holding and distribution of Rural Electrification Funds for all rural electrification projects countrywide. Allows for the expansion of the national electricity grid to rural government institutions, business centres and chief's homesteads on 100% subsidy and 60% subsidy on other connections. Also provides for decentralised electrication using renewable energy[13].


The Ministry of Energy and Power Development is still developing a Renewable Energy Policy. This is being addressed through a number of initiatives.

The Electricity Regulatory Bill, currently awaiting Presidential signature, specifically provides for “the identification and promotion of the employment and development of sources of renewable energy”[2].



Specific Renewable Strategies

In April 2018, the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) in Zimbabwe announced that they will electrify all public institutions such as schools, government extension offices, and other Government departments for free. REF offers 100% capital subsidy to the public institutions. The institutions only have to pay for the internal wiring of their buildings and the connection fees. For schools (only for administration block, science laboratories and computer laboratories), REF will also subsidize the internal wiring and the connection fees. [14]

Since 2002, REF has electrified 2 699 primary schools, 1 359 secondary schools, 874 rural health centres, 411 Government extension offices, 244 chiefs’ households, 952 business centres, 774 small scale farms, 1175 villages and 803 other institutions.[14]


In July 2019, Zimbabwe removed import duties on all solar-related products ranging from batteries to cables. The government also introduced a new mandate that all newly constructed infrastructure should have solar systems installed. This new move is aligned with the government's plan to promote local production as well as importing of solar equipment. The Zimbabwean government aims to produce 1575 MW of power from solar by 2030 (this is the same amount that Zimbabwe is producing currently). The government has also rolled out innovation mechanisms such as net metering and feed-in tariff for clean energy to enable Independent Power Producers to add their excess electricity to the national grid. [15]

 


►Go to Top



Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector

Zimbabwe Power Sector Restructuring


Government

The Ministry of Energy and Power Development (www.energy.gov.zw) has overall responsibility for energy issues in Zimbabwe. The terms of reference include policy formulation, performance monitoring and regulation of the energy sector as well as research, development and promotion of new and renewable sources of energy. The Ministry supervises and oversees the performance of the energy parastatals, ZESA Holdings and NOCZIM.
The Rural Electrification Fund Act (13:20) created a Rural Electrification Agency (REA,www.rea.co.zw) that has the mandate for the total electrification of all rural areas, funded by electrification levies and government stipends. The main functions of the agency are the planning of projects, the raising and accounting of rural electrification funds, and the monitoring of project implementation.[2]

The Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre (SIRDC) carries out research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation. The Forestry Commission is active in the area of woody biomass as their mandate covers all state forests, which are a major source of fuel wood. The University of Zimbabwe’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Chinhoyi University of Technology run programs in renewable energy. The Harare Polytechnic has done some trials on Jatropha Curcas and biodiesel[2].

Local and Rural District Councils under the Ministry of Local Government provide area-based planning at the levels of districts and provinces[2].

►Go to Top

Energy Regulator

The Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission (ZERC, www.zerc.co.zw) is a statutory body established under the Electricity Act, (Chapter 13:19) No. 4 of 2002, as amended by the Electricity Amendment Act No. 3 of 2003. It became operational in August 2003.
The Petroleum Act, passed in 2006, provided for the establishment of the Petroleum Regulatory Authority (PRA), to licence and regulate the petroleum industry, to promote the development of efficient procurement, sales and distribution of petroleum products, and to safeguard the interests of consumers of petroleum products. The PRA also has an advisory role to the Minister. The PRA is still to be established[2].

►Go to Top

Electricity Market

The sector is primarily controlled by the state-owned company, Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority Holdings (ZESA Holdings, www.zesa.co.zw), which, through its subsidiaries Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), and the Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC), generate, import and distribute all electrical energy in the country[2].

The National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (NOCZIM, www.noczim.co.zw) is the state-owned oil company responsible for procurement, storage and bulk distribution of petroleum products to oil marketing companies[2].

►Go to Top


References

  1. CIA. The World Factbook Zimbabwe: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Reegle. Zimbabwe Energy Profile. http://www.reegle.info/countries/zimbabwe-energy-profile/ZW
  3. https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Zimbabwe_Energy_Situation&action=formedit
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 African Union/African Energy Commission. "African Energy Statistics 2012". Available at: http://www.afrec-energy.org/Docs/FR/PDF/2012/AEIS_FR_EN.pdf
  5. 5.0 5.1 Country Energy Information Zimbabwe. http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Africa/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info%20Zimbabwe.pdf
  6. 6.0 6.1 Energy In Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe
  7. Energy in Zimbabwe: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Zimbabwe
  8. China-backed firm plans 600 MW Zimbabwe electricity plant. Reuters, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/04/zimbabwe-electricity-idUSL6N0H028X20130904
  9. CIA Factbook Zimbabwe. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html
  10. Encyclopedia of the Nations. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Zimbabwe-ENERGY-AND-POWER.html
  11. Chipinge hope to Zimbabwe, The Zimbabwean. 2010-11-04. http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35319:chipinge-hope-to-zimbabwe&catid=43&Itemid=38
  12. https://allafrica.com/stories/202003190863.html
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 IEA. Joint Policies Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/?country=Zimbabwe
  14. 14.0 14.1 https://www.herald.co.zw/free-electric-connection-for-rural-institutions/
  15. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-energy-solar/power-short-zimbabwe-removes-barriers-to-solar-energy-expansion-idUSKCN1UC1W5


►Go to Top