PicoPV for Mobile Charging

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Introduction

PicoPV systems are small systems with a power output of 1-10W and are mainly used for lighting purposes. However, some picoPV products also run small appliances such as mobile phone charging or running. The mobile charger is either connected to the main product (lamp) via a cable for charging from the battery or directly to the solar module. PicoPV systems provide an alternative pre-electrification option for the rural off-grid population and are cheaper, affordable and easily deployable as compared to the Solar Home Systems (SHS).[1]

Although lighting is the key demand of the rural consumers, there are studies that suggest that the rural consumers also demand additional services such as mobile phone charging, which provides additional source of income.[2][3][4][5] Therefore, this article provides an overview of the mobile phone charging aspect of the picoPV kits, including their challenges.

Need for Cheap and Affordable Mobile Charging for Rural Customers

Mobile charging is pretty expensive for the off-grid population in rural areas. For example, non-picoPV users in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia pay up to USD 0.66 per week and have to walk almost 28 minutes one way to reach the next charging stations. Mobile users in Cameroon pay about USD 1.93 per month while in Tanzania, mobile charging cost up to 50% of a person’s expenditure on their phone and they also have to travel on average 7-15 km to charge their phone.[6] Similarly, users in Rwanda pay approximately USD 0.12-0.24 (100-200 FRW) per charge for charging their phone and have to walk one hour or more to charge their phone.[7] Finally, in Kenya mobile phone charging cost about KES 60 (USD 0.7) per week.[8]

Therefore charging a mobile phone is highly costly and time intensive for the rural consumers. PicoPV kit helps to solve this problem by providing an affordable and easily accessible mobile charging services. It also helps to reduce the time required to travel to charging stations. Along with charging their own mobile phones, the customers can also generate additional income by charging their neighbors’ mobile phones.

PicoPV kit with Mobile Charging Features

Figure 1: Minimum energy demand for lighting, phone and radio

On average, it takes 1.5 to 2 hours to fully charge a simple mobile phone of 2W capacity. This calculation assumes that the phone has lithium batteries of 2.6 - 3.7 Wh capacity and 3.7 V, along with a charging efficiency of 90%. It should be noted that charging a smart phone will require roughly double the time.[9]

As shown in Figure 1, a 10 W picoPV kit can be used every day for more than 10 hours for lightning along with charging a mobile phone every day for half the required capacity. [9]However, it should be noted that while selling picoPV kits for mobile charging, the suppliers should calibrate the PicoPV so that it is compatible with the dominant mobile phones or else, there will be no uptake of the kit. For example, a randomized survey in Rwanda found that only 10% of the surveyed households used PicoPV kit for mobile charging and one of the reasons for this behavior could be the incompatibility of the mobile charger. Around 55% of the surveyed households said that the kit was either not compatible with the mobile chargers or even if the charger physically entered the phone, the charging would not start. Such situation could deter the users from using PicoPV .[7]

Potential Collaboration between PicoPV Suppliers and Mobile Phone Networks

With the innovation of digital payments such as PAYG, the mobile phones are now also a source of digital/online banking. Customers who previously did not have credits or bank accounts can now use their phones to transfer money. However, mobile phones require electricity for regular charging and as described above, charging mobile phones could take a lot of time and money, depending on the country. As more mobile networks are investing into mobile markets and wants to boost the use of the use of mobile phones. [10]

Therefore, it is in the interest of both mobile network providers and picoPV suppliers to collaborate with one another to promote both the use of mobile phones as well as the PicoPV products

  • For example, SNV has collaborated with MTN (a local telephone company in Benin) to promote PicoPV kit for mobile charging in rural Benin. As part of the cooperation, MTN provided a solar-powered mobile carts for its agents, who then used them to provide mobile charging services. The aim of this cooperation was double fold: to provide mobile charging to rural population as well as to increase the sale of PicoPV by practical demonstration of PicoPV usage.[11]
  • Likewise, in Kenya, Toughstuff collaborated with mobile service providers such as Orange, as a distribution partner for their mobile charging devices.[12]

Hence, such a collaboration is beneficial to both parties: the picoPV suppliers can tap into the existing distribution market of the mobile network companies while the mobile network companies could provide better and cheaper charging services to its customers.

Challenges for Using PicoPV kit for Mobile Charging

Although the picoPV kit is an affordable solution for addressing the energy needs of the rural population, it still has the following drawbacks[13][14][15]:

  • Since PicoPV kits are dependent on solar energy, on days with minimum or no sunlight, there is no opportunity to charge the mobile phones.
  • Since the kit is mostly used for lighting sources at night, it is also not advisable to charge the cell phone at night. This limits the time frame for mobile charging.
  • If the kit is used for lighting, there might be less charge available for mobile charging (the use depends on the charge available).
  • There are different types of mobile phones and therefor the mobile charging unit has to be compatible with the dominant mobile phones in the region.
  • The solar panels have to be manually put in the sun and these panels could be easily stolen.
  • Most of the picoPV kits are made from plastic and the battery have toxic metals. The question of electrical waste and how to recycle the products should be taken into account. Read: Recycling of PicoPV Systems
  • The PV market is flooded with cheap bad quality generic products. This has lowered the customers trust on the products. Therefore, there is a need to regulate the market and introduce new lab and field test to ensure the quality of the products and provide a benchmark for the products.

Conclusion

With the widespread penetration of mobile phones, mobile phone charging will become a priority for many rural consumers. Therefore, PicoPV kits with mobile charging can tap into this market and provide affordable and cheap solutions to the rural consumers. However, the kit needs to be calibrated to function properly with the different mobile phones. Since, lighting is the biggest demand of the rural consumers, there might not be enough charge left for charging the mobile phones and it is necessary to advise the users to charge their phones during the day or to devise picoPV with greater capacity.

Reference

  1. ↑ Michael Grimm, Peters Jörg, and Maximiliane Sievert, “Impacts of Pico-PV Systems Usage Using a Randomized Controlled Trial and Qualitative Methods,” n.d., 2, https://english.iob-evaluatie.nl/binaries/iob-evaluatie-eng/documents/publications/2014/08/01/396---impacts-of-pico-pv-systems-usage/396-impacts-of-pico-pv-systems-usage.pdf.
  2. ↑ Grimm, Jörg, and Sievert, “Impacts of Pico-PV Systems Usage Using a Randomized Controlled Trial and Qualitative Methods,” 2.
  3. ↑ Michael Grimm et al., “A First Step Up the Energy Ladder? Low Cost Solar Kits and Household’s Welfare in Rural Rwanda,” 2, accessed July 31, 2017, http://www.sun-connect-news.org/fileadmin/DATEIEN/Dateien/New/Low_cost_solar_kits_in_Rwanda.pdf.
  4. ↑ GIZ, “What Difference Can a PicoPV System Make? Early Findings on Small Photovoltaic Systems - an Emerging Lowcost Energy Technology for Developing Countries,” 9, accessed July 31, 2017, https://energypedia.info/images/3/3b/Gtz_picopv_booklet.pdf.
  5. ↑ Erik H. Lysen, “Pico Solar PV Systems for Remote Homes: A New Generation of Small PV Systems for Lighting and Communication,” 14, accessed August 1, 2017, http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/technical/rep9_12_PVPS_Pico_Solar_PV_Systems_apr13.pdf.
  6. ↑ Kat Harrison, Andrew Scott, and Ryan Hogarth, “Accelerating Access to Electricity in Africa with off-Grid Solar - The Impact of Solar Household Solutions,” 18, accessed July 31, 2017, https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/10229.pdf.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Grimm, Jörg, and Sievert, “Impacts of Pico-PV Systems Usage Using a Randomized Controlled Trial and Qualitative Methods,” 19.
  8. ↑ “ToughStuff East Africa: Affordable Quality Solar Alternatives for Low Income Consumers in Kenya,” 15, accessed August 1, 2017, http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/Partnerships/Private%20Sector/AFIMcases/UNDP%20GIM%20Case%20Study%20Toughstuff%20Final.pdf.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lysen, “Pico Solar PV Systems for Remote Homes: A New Generation of Small PV Systems for Lighting and Communication,” 15.
  10. ↑ Lysen, “Pico Solar PV Systems for Remote Homes: A New Generation of Small PV Systems for Lighting and Communication,” 26.
  11. ↑ Energypedia: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Solar_Power_in_Benin https://beamexchange.org/uploads/filer_public/c4/16/c41650f0-c174-4c0e-aa54-e89859dead20/energy_trilemma.pdf
  12. ↑ “ToughStuff East Africa: Affordable Quality Solar Alternatives for Low Income Consumers in Kenya,” 10.
  13. ↑ Lysen, “Pico Solar PV Systems for Remote Homes: A New Generation of Small PV Systems for Lighting and Communication,” 29.
  14. ↑ Lighting Asia, “Overcoming Key Policy Barriers to the Development of Pico PV Market in Bangladesh,” 32, accessed August 1, 2017, http://www.lightingbangladesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TAX-REPORT-FRESH.pdf.
  15. ↑ esimonet, “Pico PV: A Real Solution for Rural Electrification?,” accessed August 1, 2017, http://www.energy4humandevelopment.com/2012/02/pico-pv-real-solution-for-rural.html.
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