Market Landscape for Improved Cookstoves in Mozambique
Introduction
In Mozambique, less than 5% of the population have access to clean cooking fuels and technologies in 2019[1]. Thus, there is an enormous opportunity for clean cooking solutions in Mozambique. The impacts of traditional biomass for cooking are not limited to health problems, deforestation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also the inefficient cookstoves keeps the person cooking (usually women) from performing other activities, such as working or studying, due to long cooking periods and the time needed to collect firewood or purchase charcoal. Additionally, a more efficient cookstoves reduces the fuel amount needed to cook a meal, thus reducing fuel costs[2].
The Mozambican cookstove market is currently at a nascent stage and is driven by donor initiatives that are focused on creating a cookstoves markets. Thus, there is a need and opportunity for private sector participation in moving the market forward. This article outlines the cookstove market in Mozambique i.e. actors involved, potential market size as well as challenges and opportunities for the private sector. This market assessment is targeted at private sector, donor organisations and other key stakeholders who are interested/active in the ICS market and want to get a deeper understanding of the market.
In this article, the term improved cookstoves (ICS) includes efficient cookstoves that burn different solid biomass such as firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues, animal dung and other solid biomass products. Advanced or high tier cookstoves (ACS) are fuelled by LPG, biogas, solar energy or electricity and are mentioned in some sections of this article. ACS are not included in the term ICS, however they are included in the terms clean cooking solutions and clean cooking technologies.
For an overview on the demographics and socio-economic indicators for Mozambique, see this chapter.
For detail information about the biomass potential in Mozambique, please see this chapter.
For a detailed overview of clean cooking technologies see this article.
Suporting Polices and Strategies for ICS
Mozambique still lacks clear policies and targets for the ICS sector. Even though there is current development of cooking standards for charcoal and gas, there are yet no set national ICS standards.
Some supporting strategies for the ICS sector are mentioned below:
Biomass Energy Strategy BEST (2013): BEST was developed jointly by the Government of Mozambique and the European Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility to establish measures for sustainable biomass energy supply in a domestic, institutional and industrial level[3]. This strategy includes actions such as upfront regulatory changes, creating an institutional organisation, capacity building for sustainable wood resource management, the improvement of the charcoal value chain, monitoring charcoal flows, promoting the use of ICS, and promoting modern biomass-based cooking fuels and other modern fuels[4]. However, the strategy is currently not being implemented[5].
Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biomass Energy – ECUSEB (2014-2025) (Estratégia de Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Energia da Biomassa): It is one of the instruments for the materialisation of the Development Policy for New and Renewable Energy and is approved by Resolution No. 62/2009 (Política de Desenvolvimento de Energias Novas e Renováveis aprovada pela Resolução n.º 62/2009), of October 14[6]. Its objective is to promote the sustainable production and use of woody biomass energy through the adoption of alternative sources of energy to ensure energy access in the domestic and industrial sectors.
- Gradually formalise charcoal sector by introducing private sector as a vehicle for change
- Shift from the use of firewood and woody resources to alternative sources of energy
- Technology transfer and ICS promotion
- Forest management practices
Carbon credits for ICS: Many development programmes are shifting gear from traditional cookstoves distribution model to market development model. Thus, organisations such as AVSI and EnDev are offering carbon finance to promote market development for ICS. Since 2013, EnDev has linked ICS companies with carbon trading companies in Mozambique to finance the ICS. E.g., the carbon trading companies buys the carbon credits from ICS suppliers and sell them in the international market. The revenue from the carbon credits is then used to subsidised the price of ICS for end consumers[7]. Some of the companies active in carbon credits include MozCarbon[8], Garner, CarbonSink[9], and C-Quest Capital[10].
Stakeholder Landscape
Development organisations and NGOs
The ICS market is mostly driven by development organisation initiatives. One of the most active energy programmes is EnDev, which works towards ICS market development by capacitating local ICS entrepreneurs and providing Results-based Financing. It also organises regular meeting to promote networking among the stakeholders which compensates for the lack of ICS association. Several local and international NGOs, as well as international development organisations, such as SNV, AVSI, ADEL-Sofala, Livaningo and Kulima among others have also implemented clean cooking programmes in Mozambique[1]. The Energy and Sustainable Development Forum of Mozambique (FEDESMO) is another association that has also been actively promoting improved charcoal cookstoves.
Some of the key energy access programmes and their goals related to ICS are:
- EnDev, provided 330,800 people with access to modern cooking energy until Dec 2019[11].
- BRILHO, planning to distribute a total of 150,000 cook stoves
- ILUMINA, planning to distribute a total of 16,000 cook stoves
- TSE4ALLM, producing biogas from organic waste.
To know more about all on-going clean cooking programmes, click here .
For a list of all past clean cooking programmes, click here.
Testing Centre
The Biomass Energy Certification and Testing Centre (BECT) is the only testing facility which provides testing and certification of ICS in Mozambique. It is located at the Eduardo Mondlane University[12].
Private Sector
Up until March 2020, there were 10-15 companies supplying ICS stoves (charcoal and fuelwood) in the Mozambique market compared to 4 ICS suppliers in 2018. Some of the companies include: MozCarbon, ENI, ICEMA LDA, Sogepal and Pamoja Moçambique. For the ICS supply chain, two-step distribution chain i.e. producers to consumers is most common but many companies are also expanding the distribution chain to reach consumers outside the capital city, Maputo[13]. The ICS companies often collaborate with solar companies to provide ICS in combination with a solar product. The ICS markets includes both artisanal production as well as cookstoves imported from other countries.
MozCarbon has disseminated more than 60,000 cookstoves as of 2020[14]. The company is currently working on two Small-Scale Voluntary Project Activities (VPA1 and VPA2) to disseminate ICS in several neighbourhoods in Maputo and Matola. These projects expect the distribution of 55,000 stoves including the Rocket Works stove, ICEMA stoves (Mbaula and Zavala), ACE 1 stoves, and several Envirofit models (CH220 charcoal, Econochar charcoal, Econofire wood). The VPAs are also certified by Gold Standard[15].
Together with carbon credit company Garner, Green 66 Innovations aims at distributing at least 100,000 ethanol stoves by 2025 in Maputo and Matola and 50,000 bioethanol cookstoves by 2027[16]. The stoves are manufactured in South Africa[17].
Italian Energy company Eni, has produced 8,448 ICS and sold 6,198 from 2016 to 2020 in Mozambique. These stoves are manufactured in Mozambique[18].
Pamoja Moçambique has sold over 1000 ACE PT ICS. These stove cost around 7150 MZN[19].
The table below lists different actors (private companies, SMEs, consultants) active in the Mozambican clean cooking sector.
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- ↑ IRENA et al., ‘Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report (2021)’, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/SDG7_Tracking_Progress_2021.pdf
- ↑ Gilda Monjane, ‘Mid-Term Review Report of Naturvernforbundet’s EmPOWERing Communities’, n.d., 50.
- ↑ ‘MOZAMBIQUE) Mozambique Biomass Energy Strategy.Pdf’, https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-database/MOZAMBIQUE%29%20Mozambique%20Biomass%20Energy%20Strategy.pdf.
- ↑ ‘Biomass_Energy_Strategy_Mozambique_FactSheet.Pdf’, https://www.aler-renovaveis.org/contents/lerpublication/EUEI_2013_FEB_Biomass_Energy_Strategy_Mozambique_FactSheet.pdf.
- ↑ EnDev, ‘Workshop Energy Market Scorecard Mozambique ICS 2020’.
- ↑ ‘Estratégia de Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Energia da Biomassa’
- ↑ Garner, ‘Garner: Carbon Credits for Modern Energy Access’
- ↑ [1] ‘MozCarbon » Carbon Credits’, http://mozcarbon.co.mz/carbon-credits/.
- ↑ ‘Carbon Finance for Families in Mozambique’, https://www.avsi.org/en/news/2016/12/05/carbon-finance-for-families-in-mozambique/1339/
- ↑ ‘C-Quest Capital signs 60 million mt carbon credit deal with Shell | S&P Global Platts’, https://www.spglobal.com/platts/es/market-insights/latest-news/coal/041621-c-quest-capital-signs-60-million-mt-carbon-credit-deal-with-shell.
- ↑ EnDev Mozambique, https://endev.info/countries/mozambique/
- ↑ BERF, ‘Business Environment Constraints in Mozambique’s Renewable Energy Sector: Solar PV Systems and Improved Cook Stoves’
- ↑ EnDev, ‘Workshop Energy Market Scorecard Mozambique ICS 2020’
- ↑ ‘ALER - Resumo Renovaveis Em Mocambique 2021’.
- ↑ MozCarbon » Improved Stoves’, accessed 14 July 2021, http://mozcarbon.co.mz/improved-stoves/
- ↑ Garner, ‘Garner - Carbon Program Brief’, n.d., 2
- ↑ Zander Garner, ‘Garner: Carbon Credits for Modern Energy Access’, 2021
- ↑ ‘Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Cooking of Food in Mozambique’, https://www.eni.com/en-IT/operations/energy-efficiency-and-sustainable-cooking.html.
- ↑ ‘Pamoja Moçambique’, 2021, https://www.facebook.com/PamojaMocambique/
