Wind Projects - Initial Site Selection
Overview
The initial site selection is the first phase in the development of any wind energy project. In this phase appropriate sites should be identified and their wind potentials should be estimated. By identifying environmental, technical, commercial and political constraints of the sites the project developer can decide whether a more extensive feasibility study should be conducted. As a starting point many developers visit the possible project sites, gathering first impressions about topography and infrastructure (roads, dwellings, grid-connection). As a central task in this phase, available environmental and technical data must be collected[1].
The data requirements for a first energy-yield estimation of a wind project are defined by the following function
where H is the number of hours with windspeed Ui and P is the value of the power curve for the proposed wind turbine for the windspeed Ui.
A wind speed distribution function provides information about the frequency of different wind velocities occuring during a year. The generation of these distribution function requires long-time (for minimum one year) measurement. Thus for initial estimation, regional available data should be used, providing only rough information but keeping the initial costs low. The so-called power distribution function (PDF) can be obtained from a wind atlas (for example the NREL Oaxaca Wind Energy Atlas[2] provides regional wind data for a state of Mexico). The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) publishes information about wind speed distributions for many regions of the world on its Website[[1]]. PDFs are often based on Weibull-Distributions and take into account local conditions like the roughness of the surrounding terrain (given by surface characteristics, obstacles and topology) are calculated for any wind direction using divisions of 12 30° sectors. To use the values of the PDF in the function presented above, wind velocity values of all directions are integrated[3].
The power curve of a wind turbine depicts the energy output of the turbine at different wind speeds Ui. Paul Gipe suggests that the reliability of power curves especially for small wind turbines is limited[4], but for the initial estimation the available power curves are sufficient.
In case data availability is very limited (for instance only from remote weather stations), wind velocity modelling including meteorological data and site characteristics can be used[5].
Financial Considerations
For the estimation of the financial possibilities, the amount of equity for the project is crucial. Thus the project developer has to consider potential investors or co-investors to determine the possible size of the project roughly. An idea of the rough site of the project in turn is fundamental for the selection of a site.
Assessing Local Framework Conditions
Information about Grid-connection Possibilities
If the wind project is supposed to be connected to the grid, it will be necessary to examine the local availability of the electricity grid. Local electricity suppliers have to be consulted concerning possible connection points, local grid capacity and likely costs of connection in the area[6]. If only a short line to the next connection point has to be installed, costs of grid-connection will be low and the environmental impacts of this easiest case are small. In some areas the line connects the wind project directly with the next transformer station. In case the grid-capacity at the transformer-station is not sufficient for the connection of the wind project, the station has to be extended with an additional segment. Very big projects contain a separat transformer station required for the connection of the project to high-voltage grids[7]. Taking into account this information the project developer knows, whether the grid-connection will cause high costs and environmental impacts due to a long distance to the next connection point. Thus it is important to initiate a dialogue with the local electricity supplier as early as possible[8].
Road Access to the Wind Project Site
Parts of industrial size wind turbines like Rotor blades or tower elements are transported by large trucks, which require appropriate roads. Routes between the site and the potential component suppliers have to be checked: Average bridge heights of 4,2 meters can be problematic for the transportation of the tower elements with the largest diameter and for the rotor blades of the biggest modern wind turbines, because some of them have a maximal width of 5,8 m. To avoid the closing of roads, rotor blades are normally transported in an position keeping the width of the whole transport vehicle low. Because of the high width of modern rotor blades a technique has been developed to turn the position of the blade in front of a bridge before the passage. Tight curves, often found in mountainous regions, can be a barrier for the long transport trucks, too[9].
For the construction process, the site must have enough space to place at least one big and heavy crane. Usually the construction of big wind turbines is done by one very big main crane and a smaller 'assistant' crane. Besides space, construction machinery and vehicles need a high ground consistency for their operation[10].
Soil Conditions
The type of basement for the wind turbines depends on the soil conditions at each specific site. As different basement types need different construction periods and cause different costs, information about soil conditions have to be collected in advance. The following feasibility study will include a professional survey for the soil conditions but at this early stage the local administration maybe contacted for available information[11].
Infrastructure Adversely affected by Wind Turbines
Telecommunication infrastructure like microwave connections, radar or radio transmission can be affected by the installation of wind turbines. Today several opportunities exist to avoid such technical problems.
For sites close to airports the local airport authority has to be consulted. This is especially important for military airports and possible restricted military areas[12].
Preliminary Environmental Considerations
National parks, other areas of environmental protection or protected species must be identified, because these regulations can pose close constraints on the wind project development. Existing documents and concerning environmental protection have to be studied and local authorities should be consulted for the local environmental policy and its objectives for the next years: In case the local authority is developing an environmental protection programme for the area, legal conditions are likely to change[13]. Besides legal conditions several other aspects have to be considered initially[14].
- Visual effects: The visibility of the site from important public viewpoints has to be taken into account to avoid restistance to the project by inhabitants of the region.
- Proximity to dwellings: Because wind turbine operation causes noise, flickering shadow, reflected light and are visually dominant wind projects should not be installed near domestic dwellings.
- Archaeological / historical heritage: Local planning authorities have to be consulted concerning archaelogical sites, listed buildings or conservation areas[15].
- Recreational use: If the site is near to areas used for recreational purposes by the local population or local authorities plan to develop a recreational area nearby, public resistance against the development of a wind project is likely.
Dialogue with Local Civic and Planning Authorities
At this stage of a project, dialogue with local authorities has to be opened to gather information and to define the major issues related to the planning process which have to be discussed in more detail in the following planning phases. The officers of the local authorities may also recommend other consultants with experiences in wind energy development in the area[16].
As the development of a wind project at this stage still has a speculative character, a broad public announcement and distribution of project information should be avoided to keep concerns of the local population about the change of landscape and environmental impacts low[17].
Further Information
- Wind Portal on energypedia
- Site Selection - Rules of Thumb
- Land Acquisition - Wind Energy
- Site Selection Wind
References
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) European Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, retrieved 7.7.2011 [[1]]
- ↑ Elliott D., Schwartz M., Scott G., Haymes S., Heimiller D. and George R. (2003) Wind energy resource atlas of Oaxaca, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, [[2]]
- ↑ Burton T. et al. (2001) Wind Energy Handbook, John Wiley+Sons
- ↑ Gipe P. (1999) Wind Energy Basics - A Guide to Small and Micro Wind Systems, Chelsea Green Publishing Company
- ↑ Burton T. et al. (2001) Wind Energy Handbook, John Wiley+Sons
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) European best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 7.7.2011 [[3]]
- ↑ Gasch R. and Twele J. (2010) Windkraftanlagen - Grundlagen, Entwurf, Planung und Betrieb, Vieweg und Teubner
- ↑ Earnest J. and Wizelius T. (2011) Wind power plants and project development, PHI Learning private limited, New Delhi
- ↑ Burton, T. et al (2001) Wind Energy Handbook, Wiley+Sons
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) European best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 7.7.2011 [[4]]
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) European best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 7.7.2011 [[5]]
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) European best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 7.7.2011 [[6]]
- ↑ British wind energy association (1994) Best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 8.7.2011, [[7]]
- ↑ Burcote Renewables Wind (2011) Environmental Impact Assessment, retrieved 25.07.2011 [[8]]
- ↑ British wind energy association (1994) Best practice guidelines for wind energy development, retrieved 8.7.2011, [[9]]
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, retrieved 8.7.2011 [[10]]
- ↑ European Wind Energy Association (1999) Best Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, retrieved 8.7.2011 [[11]]
