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Difference between revisions of "Solar Milk Cooling with Insulated Milk Cans"

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= Introduction<br/> =
 
= Introduction<br/> =
  
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In many countries, milk is exclusively produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with daily milk output below 200l. Their milk, in most of the cases is transported to milk collection facilities without any form of cooling. In addition, lack of hygiene and cleaning procedures and problems with cattle health are the most common reasons of high bacterial growth during short-term storage of milk on the farm and during transportation. Under warm climatic conditions, milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count prescribed by food safety laws after about two to five hours. During the hottest periods of the year, lack of quality can lead to high rates of refused milk at collection centers or dairy plants. Furthermore, due to low production volumes, evening milk is often not collected year round, thus causing additional on-farm losses. Small-scale solar powered milk cooling technologies can support the milk value chain at farm, cooperative and collecting center level by increasing productivity and giving access to price premiums and to additional markets.<br/>
+
In many countries, milk is exclusively produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is in most of the cases transported to milk collection facilities, without any form of cooling. In addition, lack of hygiene and cleaning procedures and problems with cattle health are the most common reasons of high bacterial growth during short-term storage of milk on the farm and during transportation.
 +
 
 +
Under warm climatic conditions, milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count prescribed by food safety laws after about two to five hours. During the hottest periods of the year, lack of quality can lead to high rates of refused milk at collection centers or dairy plants. Furthermore, due to low production volumes, evening milk is often not collected year round, thus causing additional on-farm losses. Small-scale solar powered milk cooling technologies can support the milk value chain at farm, cooperative and collecting center level by increasing productivity and giving access to price premiums and to additional markets.
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
−
= Hohenheim system for on-farm milk cooling with solar energy<br/> =
+
{{#widget:YouTube|id=_uqIXI-4rS4|height=450|width=800}}<br/>
  
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[[File:Solar Milk Cooling System Overview.jpg|border|right|350px|Solar Milk Cooling System for 60 liter per day ( PV-Panels, Batteries, Adaptive control unit, Ice-maker and 2 Isolated milk cans)|alt=Solar Milk Cooling System for 60 liter per day ( PV-Panels, Batteries, Adaptive control unit, Ice-maker and 2 Isolated milk cans)]] The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC Refrigerator equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker that operates depending on the availability of solar energy. The ice-maker has a volume of 160l and is capable of producing approx. 8-13 kg ice per day. One system includes 25 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l insulated milk cans with removable ice compartment. To cool down 30l of milk from 36°C to 15°C in one of the supplied milk cans, the systems needs 6kg of ice and 90 minutes.<br/>
+
<br/>
  
−
The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 25 2kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 7 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref><br/>
+
 
 +
= Hohenheim System for On-farm Milk Cooling with Solar Energy<br/> =
 +
 
 +
[[File:Solar Milk Cooling System.JPG|center|800px|Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim|alt=Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim]]
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
 +
 +
The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC refrigerator, equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker. It operates depending on the availability of solar energy. [[Do_It_Yourself_-_Solar_Cooling_Units|Do it yourself - solutions]] for solar ice making are also possible.
 +
 +
Cylindric tins are used for the production of ice, which is then put into the ice-compartment of the Insulated Milk Can. Depending on the amount of milk and ice, different cooling temperatures and storage times are reached.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 302px;  float: right;  margin-left: 10px"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 174px" | '''Volume refrigerator'''
 +
| style="width: 112px" | 160 l
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 174px" | '''Daily ice production'''
 +
| style="width: 112px" | 16 kg
 +
|}
 +
 +
One system includes 24 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l insulated milk cans with removable ice compartment. The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5 kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 24 2 kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 5 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref>
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
−
= Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit<ref name="Design and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit">2016 Victor Torres-Toledo, Klaus Meissner, Philip Täschner, Santiago Martınez-Ballester, Joachim Müller
 
−
Design and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit.
 
−
Solar Energy Journal Publication.
 
−
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.10.022</ref><br/> =
 
  
−
The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for a intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:
+
= Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit<ref name="Design and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit">2016 Victor Torres-Toledo, Klaus Meissner, Philip Täschner, Santiago Martınez-Ballester, Joachim MüllerfckLRDesign and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit. fckLRSolar Energy Journal Publication.fckLRhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.10.022</ref><br/> =
 +
 
 +
[[File:Refrigeration adapted to solar energy availability.png|thumb|180px|Performance of the refrigerator with adaptive control unit]]
 +
 
 +
The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for an intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:
  
 
*Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
 
*Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
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*Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.<br/>
 
*Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.<br/>
  
−
[[File:Adaptive control unit for solar ice maker.jpg|border|center|450px|Adaptive control unit to convert a conventional DC-refrigerator in a smart solar ice-maker|alt=Adaptive control unit for solar ice maker.jpg]]
+
<br/>
  
−
<br/>
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[[File:ACU in Handle.png|thumb|left|370px|Adaptive control unit installed in the handle of the refrierator|alt=ACU in Handle.png]] [[File:Fan in refrigerator.png|thumb|right|370px|Fan in the refrigerator for uniform temperature distribution|alt=Fan in refrigerator.png]]
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
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<br/>
 
<br/>
  
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{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
  
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| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice'''
 
'''30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice'''
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice'''
 
'''20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Cooling temperature'''
 
'''Cooling temperature'''
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
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| style="width: 205px" |  
 
17°C after 90 min.
 
17°C after 90 min.
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Under 10°C after 150 min.
 
Under 10°C after 150 min.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Used for'''
 
'''Used for'''
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Transport of morning milk
 
Transport of morning milk
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
Storage of evening milk
 
Storage of evening milk
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
'''Milk quality preservation'''
 
'''Milk quality preservation'''
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
At least 6 hours
 
At least 6 hours
  
−
| style="width: 205px;" |  
+
| style="width: 205px" |  
 
At least 12 hours
 
At least 12 hours
  
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<br/>The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref><br/>
 
<br/>The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.<ref name="2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.">2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.</ref><br/>
  
−
<br/>[[File:Isolated milk cans cooling performance.jpg|border|center|600px|alt=Isolated milk cans cooling performance.jpg]]
+
<br/>[[File:Milk cooling curve.png|thumb|center|600px|Cooling curves of milk under different ambient temperatures and with different loads of ice and milk|alt=Milk cooling curve.png]]
 +
 
 +
<br/>
  
−
[[File:Insulated milk can with ice compartment.jpg|center|600px|alt=Insulated milk can with ice compartment.jpg]]<br/>
+
[[File:Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG|thumb|left|370px|Metal and plastic version of milk can with ice compartments|alt=Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG]] [[File:Overview of milk can components.JPG|thumb|right|370px|Tins for ice production, ice compartment, milk can and insolation jacket|alt=Overview of milk can components.JPG]]
 +
 
 +
&nbsp;
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
<br/>
 +
 
 +
= On-Field Implementations<br/> =
 +
 
 +
In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, on-field projects have been implemented in the following countries:<br/>
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
  
 +
{| style="width: 696px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | Country
 +
| style="width: 221px;  text-align: center" | Project duration
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | Number of installed systems
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | More information
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Tunisia}} }} [[Tunisia Energy Situation|Tunisia]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | July 2015 until December 2017
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 10
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Tunisia|here]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Kenya}} }} [[Kenya Energy Situation|Kenya]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | January 2016 until May 2018
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 4
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Kenya|here]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="width: 113px" | {{Country flag|{{Country code|Colombia}} }} [[Colombia Energy Situation|Colombia]]
 +
| style="width: 221px" | October 2017 until May 2018
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | 4
 +
| style="width: 210px;  text-align: center" | [[Hohenheim Milk Cooling System - Implementation in Colombia|here]]
 +
|}
 +
 +
<br/>
  
 +
<br/>
  
 
= Collaboration Partners<br/> =
 
= Collaboration Partners<br/> =
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*Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA,&nbsp;Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
 
*Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA,&nbsp;Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
 
*Delice<br/>
 
*Delice<br/>
−
*Powering Agriculture and Green Innovation Center (Tunisia and Kenya)
+
*GIZ Powering Agriculture and Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (Tunisia and Kenya)
  
 
<br/>'''<u>Supported by:</u>'''
 
<br/>'''<u>Supported by:</u>'''
  
−
'''German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ)'''
+
'''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf ofGerman Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)'''
  
 
*Innovation Transfer into Agriculture - Adaptation to Climate Change (ITAACC)
 
*Innovation Transfer into Agriculture - Adaptation to Climate Change (ITAACC)
 
*[https://poweringag.org/ Sustainable Energy for Food - Powering Agriculture]<br/>
 
*[https://poweringag.org/ Sustainable Energy for Food - Powering Agriculture]<br/>
−
 
+
*[http://research4agrinnovation.org/ PARI - Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation]
−
'''German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)'''
 
−
 
 
−
*[http://research4agrinnovation.org/ PARI - Program of AccompanyingResearch for Agricultural Innovation]
 
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
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<br/>
 
<br/>
  
 +
= Publications and Documents =
  
−
= On-Field Implementations =
+
*[[:File:Techsheet A3 solar milk cooling V3.0.pdf|Technology sheet on solar milk cooling]]<br/>
−
 
+
*[[:File:Techsheet A3 solar ice maker V3.0.pdf|Technology sheet on solar ice making]]<br/>
−
*'''Tunisia, July 2015 until December 2017:'''
+
*[[:File:Solar powered cooling for enhancing milk value chains - Rural 21.pdf|Article at Rural 21 - Solar powered cooling for enhancing milk value chains]]
−
 
+
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700718301026 Publication: On-farm milk cooling solution based on insulated cans with integrated ice compartment]<span class="title-text"></span>
−
[[Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia (PA Project)|Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia]]
+
*[[:File:User Guide - On-farm Solar Milk Cooling System.pdf|User Guide of the on-farm solar milk cooling system]]<br/>
−
 
+
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QFFWW5Cb8Y Workshop on solar milk cooling in Columbia (youtube, spanish)]
−
In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, an on-field project is currently carried out in Sidi Bouzid (Tunisia) under the coordination of the ''International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas'' (ICARDA) and the support of the GIZ through the ITAACC program, founded by the ''German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development ''(BMZ). At national level, the project is managed by the ''Tunisian Institute of Agriculture Research'' (INRAT) and several partners from the Agriculture Ministry and the dairy industry. The assessed solar milk cooling solution has been developed by the University of Hohenheim and is commercialized through the company and project partner PHAESUN GmbH. Additionally, the project counts on the support of the ''Powering Agriculture'' initiative of the GIZ for the social related assessments.
+
*[https://www.facebook.com/solarmilkcoolingteam/ Follow field activities in Facebook]
−
 
+
*[http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b2-livestock/b2-case-studies/case-study-b2-4/en/ FAO Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook]
−
The region of Sidi Bouzid, in central Tunisia, is responsible for approximately one sixth of the national milk production in Tunisia. The majority of its milk is produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with ten to twenty cows and a daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is currently being produced on farm and transported to milk collection facilities without cooling. In this situation, bacterial growth during on farm short-term storage and transportation represents a significant problem for the dairy sector.
 
−
 
 
−
The project implementation with duration until December 2017, supports the assessment of a solar-powered milk cooling solution, designed to meet the refrigeration needs of small and medium-sized dairy farmers of the region. The ice-based cooling solution was developed specifically to overcome the challenges during short-term on-farm storage of milk and transportation to collection centers.
 
−
 
 
−
Since April 2016, 10 solar systems of the presented milk cooling solution are operating in 7 farms in the region of Sidi Bouzid . Each system has a capacity of 60l per day while 3 farms were equipped with two system due to higher production volumes up to 120 liter milk per day.
 
−
 
 
−
The performance of the solar ice-makers is currently monitored in order to confirm the right use of the system by the farmers and the daily availability of 12kg ice. Additionally experts interviews are carried out for farmers and dairy industry to assets the acceptance of the milk-cans by daily use together with the social impact in terms of gender and labor organization.
 
−
 
 
−
From the economical side, the potential of the system to increase productivity and preserve milk quality will be analyzed as main pillars to support the milk value chain and generate business opportunities. Furthermore the system cost will be reduced by the development of milk-cans able to be produced locally. <ref name="2015-2017 On-field Project: [[Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia (PA Project)|Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia]]">2015-2017 On-field Project: [[Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia (PA Project)|Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia]]</ref><br/>
 
−
 
 
−
[[File:Solar Milk Cooling On the Field in Tunisia.jpg|border|center|600px|alt=Solar Milk Cooling On the Field in Tunisia.jpg]]
 
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
−
 
−
*'''Kenya, January 2016 until December 2017:'''
 
−
 
−
[[Field Testing of an Innovative Solar Powered Milk Cooling Solution for the higher Efficiency of the Dairy Subsector in Tunisia (PA Project)|Supporting dairy value chains through innovation in feeding, milk cooling and institutional development (Kenya and Tunisia) - Subproject - Improving milk value chains through solar milk cooling in Kenya]]
 
−
 
−
&nbsp;
 
−
 
−
Smallholder dairy farms are the major providers of marketed milk in Kenya becoming even stronger when associating in cooperatives. The channels of raw milk production from the farm to the market are shown in Figure 1. These groups are mostly constrained by lack of cooling systems, reduced hygiene minimum cleaning procedures and in some cases problems with cattle health, resulting in high microbial contamination. Under warm climatic conditions, raw milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count after two to five hours without cooling resulting in a lack of quality and leading to high rates of rejected milk at the different stages of collection. Therefore, drawing on the experience with an ongoing research project in Tunisia, the group is pilot testing a solar-based cooling system that can be operated independently offering an off grid solution for remote areas. This research aims the development of dairy value chains in an integrated approach to improve productivity and reduce losses along the value chain. The work is supported by the Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation – PARI and GIZ initiatives in Kenya (Powering Agriculture-PA and Green Innovation Centres – GIC).
 
−
 
−
[[File:Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm to the cooperative..JPG|center|7px|Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm town ward to the satellites (collecting point) and then to the cooperative for further processing.|alt=Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm town ward to the satellites (collecting point) and then to the cooperative for further processing.]]
 
−
 
−
[[File:Figure 1.1 Handling of milk from the farm to the market.jpg|center|576px|Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm to the market.|alt=Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm to the market.]]
 
−
 
−
<span style="font-size: 13.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Figure 1. Handling of milk from the farm town ward to the satellites (collecting point) and then to the cooperative for further processing.</span><br/>
 
−
 
−
The success for the implementation of this innovative technology relies on the plastic insulated milk can. As a first stage of the introduction of the technology, measurements on milk temperature during transport were collected from milking to the moment of retailing at SAM Malanga dairy cooperative society in Siaya county (located at 0.06 N, 34.29 E). The target was the establishment of the state of the art in the region. Milk temperature profiles were genertated over the transport time to the cooperative as it is shown in Figure 2. By performing this procedure, a low milk quality could be expected.
 
−
 
−
&nbsp;[[File:Figure 2.2. Ambient temperature and milk temperature during transport from the farm to the cooperative.jpg|center|576px|Figure 2.2. Ambient temperature and milk temperature during transport from the farm to the cooperative.|alt=Figure 2.2. Ambient temperature and milk temperature during transport from the farm to the cooperative.]]<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">Figure 2. Ambient temperature and milk temperature during transport from the farm to the cooperative.</span>
 
−
 
−
Base on this initial information, milk temperature profile was evaluated in the insulated milk can and compare with a traditional milk can (aluminum milk can) following the protocol for the stainless steel insulated milk can for Tunisia. Figure 3 shows the similar performance of the stainless steel milk can, which will result in preservation of milk quality.
 
  
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
−
 
−
[[File:Figure 3.3. Cooling performance of the insulated milk can and traditional milk can (aluminum) under laboratory conditions (climate chamber) for 30 Liter milk and 6 kg ice.jpg|center]]<br/>
 
−
 
−
Figure 3. Cooling performance of the insulated milk can under laboratory conditions (climate chamber) for 30 Liter milk and 6 kg ice.
 
−
 
−
Currently, the evaluation is being performed in collaboration with PA, GIC, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), SAM Malanga dairy cooperative society. The first stage of this research is covering the installation and monitoring the system at the cooperative. Further research will focus in the evaluation of the system in early stages of milk handling (satellites and farm).
 
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&nbsp;
 
  
  
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*[[Solar Milk Cooling|Solar Milk Cooling]]
 
*[[Solar Milk Cooling|Solar Milk Cooling]]
 +
*[[Do_It_Yourself_-_Solar_Cooling_Units|Do It Yourself - Solar Cooling Units]]
 +
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
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*For further information, please contact the author of this article.&nbsp;[https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen]<br/>
 
*For further information, please contact the author of this article.&nbsp;[https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/institution/fg-agrartechnik-in-den-tropen-und-subtropen]<br/>
  
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[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
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[[Category:Productive_Use]]
 
[[Category:Photovoltaic_(PV)]]
 
[[Category:Photovoltaic_(PV)]]
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[[Category:Productive_Use]]
 
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[[Category:Cooling]]
 
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[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]
 

Latest revision as of 16:59, 14 December 2018

Introduction

In many countries, milk is exclusively produced by small and medium sized dairy farms with daily milk output below 200l. Their milk is in most of the cases transported to milk collection facilities, without any form of cooling. In addition, lack of hygiene and cleaning procedures and problems with cattle health are the most common reasons of high bacterial growth during short-term storage of milk on the farm and during transportation.

Under warm climatic conditions, milk can exceed the maximum bacterial count prescribed by food safety laws after about two to five hours. During the hottest periods of the year, lack of quality can lead to high rates of refused milk at collection centers or dairy plants. Furthermore, due to low production volumes, evening milk is often not collected year round, thus causing additional on-farm losses. Small-scale solar powered milk cooling technologies can support the milk value chain at farm, cooperative and collecting center level by increasing productivity and giving access to price premiums and to additional markets.





Hohenheim System for On-farm Milk Cooling with Solar Energy

Milk Cooling System of the University of Hohenheim


The milk cooling solution developed by the University of Hohenheim is based on a commercially available DC refrigerator, equipped with an adaptive control unit for its conversion to a smart ice-maker. It operates depending on the availability of solar energy. Do it yourself - solutions for solar ice making are also possible.

Cylindric tins are used for the production of ice, which is then put into the ice-compartment of the Insulated Milk Can. Depending on the amount of milk and ice, different cooling temperatures and storage times are reached.

Volume refrigerator 160 l
Daily ice production 16 kg

One system includes 24 reusable plastic blocks of 2 kg capacity and two 30l insulated milk cans with removable ice compartment. The smart ice-maker is powered by 600 Wp solar PV modules together with two batteries with a total capacity of around 1.5 kWh. Thanks to the thermal energy storage, in form of the 24 2 kg-Ice-blocks, the system is able to run autonomously for up to 5 days even during periods of low solar radiation and high ambient temperatures.[1]



Ice-Maker with Adaptive Control Unit[2]

Performance of the refrigerator with adaptive control unit

The implemented adaptive control unit allows the efficient use of conventional DC-Refrigerators for an intensive and reliable production of ice all over the year. The ice-maker is equipped with following features:

  • Variable compressor speed in dependence of solar radiation and state of charge of the batteries.
  • Operation of a fan in the inner chamber in order to increase freezing rate.
  • Energy saving mode during night and rainy days.
  • Use of batteries to increase daily ice production up to 30%.
  • Storage of 50 kg ice blocks to assure a autonomy of at least 5 days under low radiation or high ambient temperatures.


ACU in Handle.png
Adaptive control unit installed in the handle of the refrierator
Fan in refrigerator.png
Fan in the refrigerator for uniform temperature distribution


Insulated Milk Cans

The milk-cans implemented are made of stainless-steel and have a capacity of 30 liter milk and 8 kg Ice. This allows a flexible use of them depending on the cooling requirements. The milk-can has been design to operate for two modes as described in following table.


 

30 Liter milk + 6kg Ice

20 Liter milk + 8kg Ice

Cooling temperature

17°C after 90 min.

Under 10°C after 150 min.

Used for

Transport of morning milk

Storage of evening milk

Milk quality preservation

At least 6 hours

At least 12 hours


The cooling performance and bacterial growth were measured with real milk under lab conditions in a climate chamber. On-field milk quality assessments are currently carried out in order to confirm the potential of the system to retard bacterial growth depending on milk temperature and transport time under real working conditions.[1]


Milk cooling curve.png
Cooling curves of milk under different ambient temperatures and with different loads of ice and milk


Milk cans with ice compartment.JPG
Metal and plastic version of milk can with ice compartments
Overview of milk can components.JPG
Tins for ice production, ice compartment, milk can and insolation jacket

 



On-Field Implementations

In order to evaluate the potential of solar milk cooling systems under real conditions, on-field projects have been implemented in the following countries:


Country Project duration Number of installed systems More information
Tunisia July 2015 until December 2017 10 here
Kenya January 2016 until May 2018 4 here
Colombia October 2017 until May 2018 4 here



Collaboration Partners

Research and Development:

Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics (University of Hohenheim)

Commercialization:

Phaesun GmbH

Field Assessments:

  • International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
  • Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (INRAT, OEP, CRRA-IRESA, Groupment Interprofessionnel des Viandes Rouges et du Lait, National Veterinary School of Sidi Thabet)
  • Delice
  • GIZ Powering Agriculture and Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector (Tunisia and Kenya)


Supported by:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf ofGerman Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)



Publications and Documents




Overview of Solar Milk Cooling Systems


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2013-2016 Victor Torres Toledo, Ana Salvatierra Rojas, Alice Hack, Joachim Müller. University of Hohenheim. On going research at the Institute of Agriculture Engineering. Tropics and Subtropics Group.
  2. ↑ 2016 Victor Torres-Toledo, Klaus Meissner, Philip Täschner, Santiago Martınez-Ballester, Joachim MüllerfckLRDesign and performance of a small-scale solar ice-maker based on a DC-freezer and an adaptive control unit. fckLRSolar Energy Journal Publication.fckLRhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.10.022


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