A review of renewable off-grid mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction

This page summarises the open-access review by Babayomi et al. (2023) that synthesises literature on renewable off-grid mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The review examines technology choices, planning and sizing methods, finance and tariff approaches, regulatory environments, operational challenges, and equity/energy-justice perspectives. The article is intended as a practical knowledge base for implementers, policymakers and funders working on decentralized electrification.

Background

Decentralized renewable mini-grids — typically solar PV with battery storage, sometimes hybridized with diesel or small hydro — are widely promoted for rural electrification across SSA. The review collates peer-reviewed studies, pilot reports and policy analyses to map common design patterns, success factors and constraints.

Scope and Methodology of the Review

Systematic literature synthesis across technical, economic and policy studies relating to mini-grids in SSA. Comparative analysis used to extract recurring lessons on sizing, tariff structures, financing and institutional arrangements. Special emphasis on operational experience and equity implications (who benefits, affordability).

Key Technical Findings

Dominant configurations: solar PV + battery (with occasional diesel or generator backup) is the most common configuration. Sizing trade-offs: many projects suffer from undersizing (leading to load-shedding) or oversizing (leading to low utilisation); adaptive/modular sizing is recommended. Storage life & climate: high ambient temperatures and maintenance gaps accelerate battery degradation; good thermal management and preventive maintenance extend life.

Finance, Business Models & Tariffs

Business models: a mix of private, public-private and community models exist; hybrid ownership (private operator + community governance) often balances efficiency and local buy-in. Financing gaps: high upfront capital costs remain a barrier; blended finance, concessional debt and results-based grants reduce risks for private developers. Tariff design: affordability for households must be balanced with commercial viability; lifeline tariffs, cross-subsidy and productive-use tariffs are commonly discussed.

Policy & Regulation

Regulatory clarity: predictable licensing, interconnection rules and compensation mechanisms for future grid arrival are essential. Integration in national planning: countries that explicitly include mini-grids in electrification plans see faster scaling and more targeted funding.

Social Equity & Energy Justice

Need to design inclusion mechanisms so marginalised groups (women, low-income households) benefit. Community engagement during design and operation increases acceptance and reduces non-payment risks.

Practical Recommendations (summary)

Use modular, scalable system designs and plan for demand growth. Incorporate thermal management and routine maintenance schedules for battery health. Design blended finance instruments that reduce early-stage developer risk. Ensure regulatory frameworks include clear rules for interconnection and compensation when the main grid extends. Embed gender-sensitive and pro-poor measures in tariff and connection policies.

Further reading

Babayomi OO, Olubayo B, Denwigwe IH, et al. (2023). A review of renewable off-grid mini-grids in Sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Energy Research. (Open access, CC BY).

Attribution & Licence

This page summarises material from Babayomi et al. (2023). The original article is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY).