Difference between revisions of "SPIS Toolbox - Finance - Glossary"

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== Glossary<br/> ==
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== '''<span style="color:#879637">Glossary</span>'''<br/> ==
  
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{| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" border="0"
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Assets'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Assets'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | position in balance sheet which represents what a companyowns.
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| style="width: 497px" | Position in balance sheet which represents what a company owns.<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Capital expenditures (CAPEX)'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Capital expenditures (CAPEX)'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | are one-time expenses. Normally they are long-term investments in non-consumable parts of the business, for example money that is spent on pump, panels, machines, etc.
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| style="width: 497px" | Are one-time expenses. Normally they are long-term investments in non-consumable parts of the business, for example money that is spent on pump, panels, machines, etc.<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Cash Inflows'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Cash Inflows'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | all cash receipts realized within a given period (e.g. from sales).
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| style="width: 497px" | All cash receipts realized within a given period (e.g. from sales).<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Cash Outflow'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Cash Flow'''
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| style="width: 548px" | outgoing cash, all cash payments realized during a given period (e.g. for buying production inputs, loan installments, buying equipment).
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| style="width: 497px" | The incoming and outgoing cash of a business. Cash outflows are considered as negative cash flows and cash inflows as positive ones.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Creditors'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Cash Outflow'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | payable occurring from past credit (money owed to suppliers for expenses).
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| style="width: 497px" | Outgoing cash, all cash payments realized during a given period (e.g. for buying production inputs, loan installments, buying equipment).<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Collateral'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Creditors'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | property or other assets that a borrower offers a lender to secure a loan.
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| style="width: 497px" | Payable occurring from past credit (money owed to suppliers for expenses).<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Credit Sales'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Collateral'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | sales made without receiving cash.]
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| style="width: 497px" | Property or other assets that a borrower offers a lender to secure a loan.<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Current Assets'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Credit Sales'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | cash and other assets which are expected to be converted into cash or consumed during the normal operating cycle of a business.
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| style="width: 497px" | Sales made without receiving cash.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Debtors'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Current Assets'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | receivables occurring from past credit sales.
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| style="width: 497px" | Cash and other assets which are expected to be converted into cash or consumed during the normal operating cycle of a business.<br/>
 
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|-
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Depreciation'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Debtors'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | a cost charged against fixed assets for their replacement. Note: “depreciation” is one of the few expenses for which there is no associated outgoing cash flow.
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| style="width: 497px" | Receivables occurring from past credit sales.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Expenses / expenditure'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Depreciation'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | payment of cash or cash equivalent for good or services received. Cost of resources used up or consumed by the activities of the business.
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| style="width: 497px" | A cost charged against fixed assets for their replacement.<br/> Note: “depreciation” is one of the few expenses for which there is no associated outgoing cash flow.
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Finished Good Stock'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Expenses / expenditure'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | an inventory of final products ready for sale.
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| style="width: 497px" | Payment of cash or cash equivalent for good or services received. Cost of resources used up or consumed by the activities of the business.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Financial Viability'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Finished Good Stock'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | ability to generate sufficient income to meet operating expenditure, financing needs and, ideally, to allow profit generation. Financial viability is usually assessed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) approaches together with estimating the sensitivity of the cost and revenue elements. Both NPV and IRR are the most commonly used decision criteria of a cost-benefit analysis.
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| style="width: 497px" | An inventory of final products ready for sale.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Fixed Assets'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Financial Viability'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | assets required for long-term use and for physical use in the business (machinery,buildings, office equipment, cars, etc.).
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| style="width: 497px" | Ability to generate sufficient income to meet operating expenditure, financing needs and, ideally, to allow profit generation. Financial viability is usually assessed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) approaches together with estimating the sensitivity of the cost and revenue elements. Both NPV and IRR are the most commonly used decision criteria of a cost-benefit analysis.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Fixed Cost'''
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Fixed Assets'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | costs that do not vary with the level of production.
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| style="width: 497px" | Assets required for long-term use and for physical use in the business (machinery, buildings, office equipment, cars, etc.).<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | '''Fixed Investment:'''<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Fixed Cost'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | investment made in fixed assets (e.g. machinery).<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Costs that do not vary with the level of production.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Friction loss<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Fixed Investment'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The loss of pressure due to flow of water in pipe. It depends on the pipe size (inside diameter), flow rate, and length of pipe. It is determined by consulting a friction loss chart available in an engineering reference book or from a pipe supplier.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Investment made in fixed assets (e.g. machinery).<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Global solar radiation (G)<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Gross Margin'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The energy carried by radiation on a surface over a certain period of time. The global solar radiation is locations specific as it is influenced by clouds, air humidity, climate, elevation and latitude, etc. The global solar radiation on a horizontal surface is measured by a network of meteorological stations all over the world and is expressed in kilowatt hours per square meter [kWh/m²].<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Gross income minus gross expenses.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Gravity flow<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Income'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The use of gravity to produce pressure and water flow, for example when a storage tank is elevated above the point of use, so that water will flow with no further pumping required.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Income is money generated from the activities of the business.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Head<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Inflation'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Value of atmospheric pressure at a specific location and condition. (meters):<br/>head, total (dynamic ) Sum of static, pressure, friction and velocity head that a pump works against while pumping at a specific flow rate, head loss Energy loss in fluid flow.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Insolation<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Internal Rate of Return'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The rate at which solar energy reaches a unit area at the earth measures in Watts per square meter [W/m<sup>2</sup>]. Also called solar irradiance.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Gives the discount rate over the life-span of a capital investment; i.e. the profit rate generated by a certain investment (amount) over its life-span. By calculating IRR of a project you can answer the question whether the money is well spent or if less risky investment alternatives might be more profitable in the long run, e.g. putting the money on a bank account to get interest on it.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Irradiation<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Liabilities'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The integration or summation of insolation (=solar irradiance ) over a time period expressed in Joules per square meter (J/m2) or watt-hours per square meter [Wh/m<sup>2</sup>]<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Claims by creditors against the assets of a business.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Irrigation<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Life Cycle Costing'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Irrigation is the controlled application of water to respond to crop needs.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | A technique for evaluating total cost of ownership to compare different alternatives.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Irrigation efficiency<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Material Stocks'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Proportion of the irrigation water that is beneficially used to the irrigation water that is applied [%].<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | An inventory of all raw materials not yet used in production.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Irrigation head
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Net Present Value'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Control unit to regulate water quantity, quality and pressure in an irrigation system using different types of valves, pressure regulators, filters and possibly a chemication system.
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| style="width: 497px" | Determines the present worth of an investment by discounting the cash inflows and cash outflows generated by this investment over its life-span. For the determination of the NPV you need to define the expected life span of the investment as well as a discount factor, which might be near to the interest rate on deposits. You could also use the NPV for comparison of alternative investment options.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Lateral<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Net Working Capital'''
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| style="width: 548px" | Pipe(s) that go from the control valves to the sprinklers or drip emitter tubes.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Current Assets minus Current Liabilities.
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Latitude<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Operating expenses (OPEX)'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Latitude specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angle which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Are the ongoing costs for running a business that are related with the operation and maintenance. They are the expenses related to the production activity of the business and they are divided into fixed and variable costs.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Leaching<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Payback Period (PP)'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Moving soluble materials down through the soil profile with the water.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | The length of time required to recover the cost of an investment''.''<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Maximum Power Point<br/>Tracking (MPPT)<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Profitability'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | An important feature in many control boxes to draw the right amount of current in order to maintain a high voltage and achieve maximum system efficiency.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Income minus expenses. It is stated in the income statement (or Profit and Loss Statement), which reports a company's revenue, expenses, and net income over a period of time.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Net Irrigation Water Requirements (NIWR)<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Raw Material Purchases'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | The sum of the individual crop water requirements (CWR) for each plant for a given period of time. The NIWR determines how much water should reach the crop to satisfy its demand for water in the soil.<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Cost incurred on purchase of raw material<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Power (P)<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Revenue'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | s the rate at which energy is transferred by an electrical circuit expressed in watts.&nbsp; Power depends on the amount of current and voltage in the system.&nbsp; Power equals current multiplied by voltage (P=I x V).<br/>Pressure The measurement of force within a system. This is the force that moves water through pipes, sprinklers and emitters. Static pressure is measured when no water is flowing and dynamic pressure is measured when water is flowing. Pressure and flow are affected by each other. [bars, psi, kPa]<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Is the income earned by a business typically through selling goods/products or services.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Photosynthesis<br/>
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| style="width: 251px" | '''Variable Cost'''<br/>
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| style="width: 548px" | Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).<br/>
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| style="width: 497px" | Cost that varies directly with the level of production delivered.<br/>
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| style="width: 200px" | Priming<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | The process of hand-filling the suction pipe and intake of a surface pump. Priming is generally necessary when a pump must be located above the water source.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Pump<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy (pressure and/or flow).<br/>Submersible Pump - A motor/pump combination designed to be placed entirely below the water surface.<br/>Surface Pump - A pump that is not submersible and placed not higher than about 7 meters above the surface of the water.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Root Zone<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | The depth or volume of soil from which plants effectively extract water from [m]<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Salinity (Saline)<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Salinity refers to the amount of salts dissolved in soil water.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Solar panel efficiency<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Solar panel efficiency is the ratio of light shining on the panel, versus the amount of electricity produced. It is expressed as a percentage. Most systems are around 16% efficient, meaning 16% of the light energy is converted into electricity.&nbsp;<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Suction lift<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Vertical distance from the surface of the water to the pump. This distance is limited by physics to around 7 meters and should be minimized for best results. This applies only to surface pumps.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Surface irrigation<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Irrigation method where the soil surface is used to transport the water via gravity flow from the source to the plants. Common surface irrigation methods are:<br/>furrow irrigation- water is applied to row crops in small ditches or channels between the rows made by tillage implements;<br/>basin irrigation- water is applied to a completely level area sur-rounded by dikes, and<br/>flood irrigation- water is applied to the soil surface without flow controls, such as furrows or borders.<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Transpiration<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Water taken up by the plant's roots and transpired out of the leaves. [mm]<br/>
 
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| style="width: 200px" | Voltage (V)<br/>
 
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| style="width: 548px" | Voltage is the electric potential between two points, or the difference in charge between two points, expressed in Volts.<br/>
 
 
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Latest revision as of 14:41, 22 November 2018

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Glossary

Assets
 Position in balance sheet which represents what a company owns.
Capital expenditures (CAPEX)
 Are one-time expenses. Normally they are long-term investments in non-consumable parts of the business, for example money that is spent on pump, panels, machines, etc.
Cash Inflows
 All cash receipts realized within a given period (e.g. from sales).
Cash Flow The incoming and outgoing cash of a business. Cash outflows are considered as negative cash flows and cash inflows as positive ones.
Cash Outflow
 Outgoing cash, all cash payments realized during a given period (e.g. for buying production inputs, loan installments, buying equipment).
Creditors
 Payable occurring from past credit (money owed to suppliers for expenses).
Collateral
 Property or other assets that a borrower offers a lender to secure a loan.
Credit Sales
 Sales made without receiving cash.
Current Assets
 Cash and other assets which are expected to be converted into cash or consumed during the normal operating cycle of a business.
Debtors
 Receivables occurring from past credit sales.
Depreciation
 A cost charged against fixed assets for their replacement.
Note: “depreciation” is one of the few expenses for which there is no associated outgoing cash flow.
Expenses / expenditure
 Payment of cash or cash equivalent for good or services received. Cost of resources used up or consumed by the activities of the business.
Finished Good Stock
 An inventory of final products ready for sale.
Financial Viability
 Ability to generate sufficient income to meet operating expenditure, financing needs and, ideally, to allow profit generation. Financial viability is usually assessed using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) approaches together with estimating the sensitivity of the cost and revenue elements. Both NPV and IRR are the most commonly used decision criteria of a cost-benefit analysis.
Fixed Assets
 Assets required for long-term use and for physical use in the business (machinery, buildings, office equipment, cars, etc.).
Fixed Cost
 Costs that do not vary with the level of production.
Fixed Investment
 Investment made in fixed assets (e.g. machinery).
Gross Margin
 Gross income minus gross expenses.
Income
 Income is money generated from the activities of the business.
Inflation
 The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling.
Internal Rate of Return
 Gives the discount rate over the life-span of a capital investment; i.e. the profit rate generated by a certain investment (amount) over its life-span. By calculating IRR of a project you can answer the question whether the money is well spent or if less risky investment alternatives might be more profitable in the long run, e.g. putting the money on a bank account to get interest on it.
Liabilities
 Claims by creditors against the assets of a business.
Life Cycle Costing
 A technique for evaluating total cost of ownership to compare different alternatives.
Material Stocks
 An inventory of all raw materials not yet used in production.
Net Present Value
 Determines the present worth of an investment by discounting the cash inflows and cash outflows generated by this investment over its life-span. For the determination of the NPV you need to define the expected life span of the investment as well as a discount factor, which might be near to the interest rate on deposits. You could also use the NPV for comparison of alternative investment options.
Net Working Capital Current Assets minus Current Liabilities.
Operating expenses (OPEX)
 Are the ongoing costs for running a business that are related with the operation and maintenance. They are the expenses related to the production activity of the business and they are divided into fixed and variable costs.
Payback Period (PP)
 The length of time required to recover the cost of an investment.
Profitability
 Income minus expenses. It is stated in the income statement (or Profit and Loss Statement), which reports a company's revenue, expenses, and net income over a period of time.
Raw Material Purchases
 Cost incurred on purchase of raw material
Revenue
 Is the income earned by a business typically through selling goods/products or services.
Variable Cost
 Cost that varies directly with the level of production delivered.
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