Difference between revisions of "Facts on Cooking Energy"

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[[Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview Compendium]]
 
  
= Introduction  =
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[[File:GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/><br/><!--
  
The importance of traditional biomass, and the impact of its use, is frequently underestimated. Biomass use affects many aspects of everyday life; the way people cook, their nutritional status, their health, and the workload of women and children.&nbsp;The paragraph "Facts on cooking energy"&nbsp;summarises these aspects, and gives an overview of the beneficial effects of energy-efficient cooking technologies.
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Cooking Energy System |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Cooking Energy System]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Cooking Energy System]] {{!}} | }} <!--
  
In 2000, the UN Millennium Declaration was adopted, which seeks to halve poverty by 2015. Although none of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifically addresses cooking energy, its importance was acknowledged in later documents.&nbsp;"Cooking energy and the Millennium Development Goals"&nbsp;gives examples of how the provision of efficient cooking energy systems can contribute to the achievement of the MDGs.&nbsp;"Cooking energy on the international agenda"&nbsp;gives a selection of national and international agreements that mention cooking energy.
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Basics |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]] {{!}} | }} <!--
  
<br>In order to increase their impact, the activities of the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) centre on just eleven Focal Areas (Schwerpunktbereiche).&nbsp;The paragraph "Cooking energy and&nbsp;focal areas of German&nbsp;Development Cooperation"&nbsp;shows how cooking energy contributes to most of these key areas. Finally,&nbsp;the last paragraph&nbsp;presents a strategy, developed by GTZ HERA, for cooking energy interventions.
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Policy Advice |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]] {{!}} | }} <!--
  
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Planning |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Cooking Energy Interventions|Planning]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Cooking Energy Interventions|Planning]] {{!}} | }} <!--
  
= Facts on cooking energy'''''<br>''''' =
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | ICS Supply |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing ICS Supply]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing ICS Supply]] {{!}} | }} <!--
  
*christa: 3 allgemeine
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Woodfuel Supply |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply]]''' {{!}} | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply]] {{!}} | }} <!--
*Cooking energy accounts for about 90&nbsp;% of all household energy consumption in developing countries.  
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*Worldwide, 2.5 billion people use biomass fuels for cooking. These fuels include firewood, charcoal, dung and agricultural residues.  
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Climate Change |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]]''' | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]] {{!}} | }} <!--
*Every year, the smoke from open fires and traditional stoves kills 1.5 million people. Thus, every 20 seconds a woman or child is dying due to inefficient use of biomass fuel.
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*Despite massive efforts aimed at substitution and electrification, the number of people relying on biomass energy is still increasing. It is estimated that by 2030, more than 2.7 billion people will cook with biomass.  
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-->{{#ifeq: {{#show: {{PAGENAME}} |?Hera category}} | Extra |'''[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Extra]]''' | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Extra]] }}
*Frequently, biomass fuels are the only available energy source, especially in rural areas. In most Sub-Saharan countries, more than 80 per cent of the population depend on biomass fuels for their daily cooking.  
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<br/>
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= Cooking Energy - Introduction and&nbsp;Reason for focussing on biomass energy<br/> =
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*Every person needs food to sustain their lives. The vast majority of staple foods, 95%<ref name="Energy for the Poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals, DFID (August 2002), http://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/bs/JEPP/energyforthepoor.pdf">Energy for the Poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals, DFID (August 2002), http://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/bs/JEPP/energyforthepoor.pdf</ref>, need cooking before they can be eaten and most people cook 2-3 times per day, EVERY day.
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*In 2018, about 2.8<ref name="2020 Tracking SDG7 Report Chapter 2 on Clean Cooking https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/03-sdg7-chapter2-accesstocleanfuelsandtech4cooking.pdf">2020 Tracking SDG7 Report Chapter 2 on Clean Cooking https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/03-sdg7-chapter2-accesstocleanfuelsandtech4cooking.pdf</ref> billion people use biomass fuels for cooking. These fuels include firewood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural residues.<br/>
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*Cooking energy accounts for about 90% of all household energy consumption in developing countries.
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*Frequently, biomass fuels are the only available energy source, especially in rural areas. In most Sub-Saharan countries, more than 80% of the population depend on biomass fuels for their daily cooking.
 
*Biomass fuels are mainly burned on inefficient open fires and traditional stoves.
 
*Biomass fuels are mainly burned on inefficient open fires and traditional stoves.
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*Despite massive efforts aimed at substitution and electrification, the number of people relying on biomass is decreasing only slightely. It is estimated that by 2030, 2.52 billion people will still cook with biomass.
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*Despite the important role of biomass for cooking, it is considered 'dirty' and 'backward' and seldom associated with 'modern energy'. Yet, biomass is here to stay.<br/>
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<br/>
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== Disadvantages of Biomass<br/> ==
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*In many cases, the demand for biomass fuels far outweighs sustainable supply. This can contribute to deforestation, land degradation and desertification.
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*Unclean burning leads to emissions.
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*Dwindling resources lead to an additional workload for women and children as they have to spend more time searching for firewood. The fuel they find is often of a lower grade and thus burns with more smoke and less heat.
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*Every year, the smoke from open fires and traditional stoves - leading to [[Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)|indoor air pollution]] - kills about 4.3 million people. Thus, every 8 seconds, someone (mostly women and children) is dying due to inefficient use of biomass fuel.
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*Fuelwood is often collected on a daily basis and has no time to dry before use. This makes the use less efficient as some heat is wasted to drive the moisture out of the wood. Moist fuel results in more smoke.
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<br/>
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== Advantages of Biomass<br/> ==
  
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*Biomass is a renewable source of energy - if produced in a sustainable manner. Efficient planting guarantees that supply meets demand.
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*In most regions of the world, people use wood or some form of biomass fuel. With the right stove, the majority of these fuels can be burned without further processing.
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*Usually biomass fuels are easily accessible. Collecting firewood seems to be cheaper than alternative fuels such as gas, paraffin, and electricity. Thus, biomass fuels are more affordable to the poor.
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*Biomass is within reach of users. Users do not depend on providers, utilities or imports as for fossil fuels.
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*Fuel preparation behaviour is often more important in reducing emissions than the technology itself.
  
== Disadvantages of biomass  ==
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<br/>
  
In many cases, the demand for biomass fuels far outstrips sustainable supply. This can contribute to deforestation, land degradation and desertification. Dwindling resources lead to an additional workload for women and children as they have to spend more time searching for firewood, and the fuel that they find is often of a lower grade and thus burns with more smoke and less heat.
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<br/>
  
<br>
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== Technologies for the Efficient Use of Biomass<br/> ==
  
== Advantages of biomass ==
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*Technologies and techniques for sustainable production and efficient use of biomass energy are available. Further scaling up of these techniques and technologies is needed.
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*Biomass fuels will remain the most important source of energy for the next decades. The best way to burn them efficiently and sustainably is the use of clean-burning and efficient stoves.
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*A well-designed improved household stove, which is properly used, can save up to 60% of fuel compared to the traditional three-stone fire.
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*Well-designed energy-efficient stoves emit very little smoke, provided that improved efficiency is due in part to improved combustion. A large number of stoves are efficient because of the way heat is directed at the pot (heat transfer efficiency), rather than by improved combustion (combustion efficiency). It is important to ensure that both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency are improved when designing a stove.
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*Improved technologies range from artisanal or factory-produced&nbsp;biomass burning stoves to solar cookers, heat retaining cookers, and stoves using green fuels such as&nbsp;ethanol or biogas.<br/>
  
*Biomass can be a renewable source of energy if efforts are made to ensure that it is burnt efficiently, and that supply, through planting, meets demand.
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<br/>[[Facts on Cooking Energy#toc|--> Top of the page]]
*Most regions of the world are able to access some form of biomass fuel. With the right stove, the majority of these fuels can be burned without further processing.
 
*Usually biomass fuels are cheaper than alternative fuels such as gas, paraffin or electricity and thus are affordable to the poor.
 
  
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<br/>
  
== Efficient technologies<br> ==
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= Cooking Energy and the&nbsp;Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)<br/> =
  
*Technologies and techniques for sustainable production and efficient use of biomass energy are available. Further scaling up of these techniques and technologies is needed.
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'Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development' was adopted at the UN Summit for Sustainable Development on 25 September 2015. The agenda includes a set of 17&nbsp;Sustainable Development Goals&nbsp;(SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030.
*Biomass fuels will remain the most important source of energy for the next decades. The best way to burn them efficiently and sustainably is the use of improved stoves.
 
*A well-designed improved household stove can save up to 60 per cent of fuel compared to the traditional three-stone fire.
 
*Well-designed energy-efficient stoves emit very little smoke, provided that improved efficiency is due in part to improved combustion. A large number of stoves are efficient because of the way the heat is directed at the pot (heat transfer efficiency), rather than by improved combustion (combustion efficiency). It is important to ensure that both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency are improved when designing a stove.
 
*Improved technologies range from artisanal or factory-produced clay and metal stoves to solar cookers, heat retaining cookers, and stoves using modern biofuels such as plant oil, ethanol or biogas.
 
  
= Cooking energy and the Millennium Development Goals  =
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Energy is finally being recognized as a key enabler for development under Goal 7. Universal access to energy, a higher share of renewable energy and massive improvements in energy efficiency are now part of the top global priorities for sustainable development in the years to come. Access to affordable and reliable Cooking Energy is explicitly mentioned under Goal 7.1.2<br/>
  
The UN Millennium Project seeks to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015. The UN Millennium Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly in September 2000 ([http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/]).
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'''Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all [[Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals|[4]]]'''<br/>
  
Although none of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifically address cooking energy, its importance was acknowledged in later documents as follows:
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7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy service<br/>
  
<br>‘''Improved energy services – including modern cooking fuels – are necessary for meeting almost all the Goals… The UN Millennium Project proposes that countries adopt the following specific target … by 2015: Reduce the number of people without effective access to modern cooking fuels by 50 percent and make improved cookstoves widely available.’''
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*Indicator 7.1.1 Percentage of the population with access to electricity<br/>
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*Indicator 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (“Clean” is defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion)[[Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals|[5]]].<br/>
  
UNDP ''UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals ''UNDP 2005:30 ([http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm]).
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Further reading: [[Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals|Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals]]<br/>
  
<br>
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The GACC lists 10 of the SDG that clean cooking can directly deliver gains across: SDG 1, 2, 3,4,&nbsp; 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15. Clean Cooking could serve as a key driver of SDGs success.<ref>Global Alliance of Clean Cooking, https://tinyurl.com/SDGcooking</ref><br/>[[Facts on Cooking Energy#toc|--> Top of the page]]
  
To achieve this goal, every day, an additional 500 000 people have to get access to improved cooking energy services. The sustainable and clean use of biomass energy for cooking contributes directly to achieving all Millennium Development Goals&nbsp;(see Table below). It is thus of high political and social relevance to the development process.
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= Cooking&nbsp;Energy Initiatives on the International and Regional Agenda<br/> =
  
&nbsp;
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<br/>
  
During the UN High Level Plenary Meeting in September 2010 a follow-up resolution to the outcome of the Millennium Summit was adopted. In this additional document, several issues relating to energy access and security, clean and renewable energy etc. are&nbsp;set forth, emphazising the importance of energy for sustainable development. Energy related aspects can be found several times in this document, also regarding the preconditions for&nbsp;achievement&nbsp;of some MDGs:
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== Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All)<br/> ==
  
*Energy is&nbsp;referred to in&nbsp;"The way forward:&nbsp;an action agenday for achieveing the MDGs by 2015": §46 emphazises the ''"importance of addressing energy issues, including '''access to affordable energy''', '''energy efficiency '''and '''sustainability of energy sources and use''', as part of global efforts for the '''achievement of the&nbsp;MDG '''and the promotion of sustainable development".''
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In 2011, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon launched the initiative [http://www.se4all.org/ 'Sustainable Energy for All'].<br/>
*§73 (under MDG 3 on Global Health)&nbsp;makes a commitment to promote global public health for all to achieve the MDGs, welcoming all kinds of initiatives&nbsp;in various sectors, such as '''energy, '''in order to '''reduce maternal, newborn and under-five child deaths.'''
 
*MDG 7 on Environmental Sustainability explicitly&nbsp;mentions energy in §77f:&nbsp;"Supporting the implementation of national policies and strategies to combine, as appropriate, the '''increased use of new and renewable energy sources and low emission technologies''', the '''more efficient use of energy,''' greater reliance on advanced energy technologies, including cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and the '''sustainable use of traditional energy resources,''' as well as '''promoting access to modern, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy services '''and enhancing national capacities to meet the growing energy demand, as appropriate, supported by international cooperation in this field and by the '''promotion of the development and dissemination of appropriate, affordable and sustainable energy technologies''' and the transfer of such technologies on mutually agreed terms"
 
*also in MDG 7,&nbsp;in §77k regarding people living in sums, '''equal access to public services, such as energy,''' is&nbsp;postulated.
 
*MDG 8 on a Global Partnership for Development also &nbsp;refers to energy in §68u:<br>“promoting the strategic role of science, technology and innovation in areas relevant for the achievement of the MDGs, in particular agricultural productivity, water management and sanitation, '''energy security''' and public health. (…)"<br>
 
  
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<u>SE4All wants to achieve the following goals by 2030:</u>
  
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" border="1"
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#Energy access for all (in particular electricity and cooking energy)
|-
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#Doubling the annuall growth rate of energy efficiency
| colspan="5" | '''Impact of improved household energy provision on the MDGs'''
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#Doubling the share of renewable energies in the global energy portfolio
|-
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| colspan="2" | '''Millennium Development Goal'''
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<br/>
| '''Effect of efficient cooking energy provision'''
 
| '''Impacts of efficient cooking energy'''
 
| Further reading
 
|-
 
| 1
 
| Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
 
|
 
*Production and commercialisation of efficient stoves
 
*Reduced fuel demand
 
  
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*Jobs and small business creation, income generation
 
*Money savings
 
*Preparation of more nutritious food (e.g. beans) more likely, since 95% of staple food must be cooked
 
  
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<br/>
&nbsp;
 
  
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== Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves / Alliance for Clean Cooking<br/> ==
  
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'[http://www.cleancookstoves.org/ The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves]' was presented in 2010 in the margins of the UN summit on the Millennium Development Goals in New York. The Alliance’s goal ‘100 by 20’ calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.<br/>
| 2
 
| Achieve universal primary education
 
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*Children spend less time collecting wood
 
*Less fuelwood costs for school feeding programmes
 
*Less respiratory infections &amp; burns
 
  
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In October 2018, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves changed their name into Clean Cooking Alliance.
*Children have more time to go to school
 
*More children attending school get a warm meal
 
*Less time off from school through illness
 
  
|
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<br/>
Fact Sheet Education and Household Energy
 
  
[[Image:Final factsheet bildung und energie.pdf]]
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<br/>
  
|-
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== Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative (ACCES)<br/> ==
| 3&nbsp;
 
| Promote gender equality and empower women
 
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*Training women in commercialisation and production of stoves
 
*Time spent gathering firewood and cooking is reduced
 
*Improved kitchen conditions for the woman
 
  
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To support large-scale dissemination and adoption of clean cook stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank has established the [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/0,,contentMDK:23310007~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:717306,00.html Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative].&nbsp;It seeks to improve health conditions, counteract climate change and decrease negative socio-economic impacts of traditional cooking stoves by introducing clean cooking technologies and clean cooking fuels. ACCESS promotes clean cooking through a "consultative, integrated, enterprise-based approach".<br/>
*Women gain self-confidence and improve their status in the community by becoming entrepreneurs
 
*Women have more time to dedicate to educational, economic and leisure activities
 
*Women’s status within the family unit is improved by better working conditions
 
  
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<br/>
Gender, Poverty and Cooking Energy within Local&nbsp;and Global Contexts
 
  
[[Image:Gender and he.pdf]]&nbsp;<br>Factsheet: Gender Equality and Infrastructure[[Image:GTZ-en-Factsheet Gender Infrastructure-2009.pdf]]
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<br/>
  
|-
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== Energising Development (EnDev)<br/> ==
| 4,5,6&nbsp;
 
| Reduce child mortality, improve maternal health &amp; combat diseases
 
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*Less emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO)
 
*Fire is shielded
 
  
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The [http://endev.info/content/Main_Page 'Energising Development']&nbsp;(EnDev) programme is a multi-donor partnership, currently financed and governed by the governments of the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Sweden.&nbsp;EnDev promotes sustainable access to modern energy services for households, social institutions and small to medium-sized enterprises in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.&nbsp;EnDev has taken a leading role in developing local markets for clean burning cookstoves.&nbsp;The GIZ contributes to the EnDev-programme as the leading implementing agency.<br/>
*Reduced risk of respiratory diseases and eye infections, especially in women, and in children under five years
 
*Less burns
 
  
| &nbsp;
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<br/>
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| 7
 
| Ensure environmental sustainability
 
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*Less pressure on forest resources
 
*Less burning of dung
 
*Less CO2 emissions
 
  
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<br/>
*Less deforestation, and avoided costs for afforestation
 
*Less land degradation as dung can be used as fertilizer
 
*Climate protection
 
  
| &nbsp;
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== United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<br/> ==
|-
 
| 8&nbsp;
 
| Develop a global partnership for development
 
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*A declaration at the World Summit on Sustainable Development committed to urgent future action on the development and promotion of renewable energy technologies through partnership initiatives
 
  
| &nbsp;
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Cooking energy programmes are linked to the [http://unfccc.int/2860.php UNFCCC] through actions to conserve forests and promote renewable energy sources. There has been a lot of interest recently in carbon credit financing for improved stove projects. Since 2006, stove organizations have begun to receive funding from carbon credits.<br/>
| &nbsp;
 
|}
 
  
= Cooking energy on the international agenda  =
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<br/>
  
Cooking energy is seldom a priority on the international agenda, despite references to it in international and national agreements. This section highlights some key documents that illustrate why cooking energy should command more effort by the international community.&nbsp; <br>
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<br/>
  
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== <u>West African Clean Cooking Alliance (WACCA)</u><br/> ==
  
== Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves  ==
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The ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREE) officially launched the [http://www.ecreee.org/Project/wacca West African Clean Cooking Alliance] in October 2012. The initiative's objective is "to provide access to efficient, sustainable and affordable cooking energy in the entire ECOWAS region". This objective shall be achieved by the introduction of policies and frameworks, capacity building, harmonisation of standards and labelling, and the promotion of networking and knowledge sharing.<br/>
  
The „Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves“ was presented in New York in September 2010 in the margins of the UN summit on the Millennium Development Goals. The Alliance’s goal ‘100 by 20’ calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020. <br>The Alliance is going to work with private, public, and non-profit partners. Founding partners are i.e. the governments of the US, Germany, Norway and Peru, Shell, Morgan Stanley, WHO, UNEP and several other organisations.<br>Its aim is to “save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women and combat climate change” by creating a thriving global market. The Alliance promotes major public awareness campaigns and the establishment of industry standards worldwide. Furthermore, they want to support the development of local and international markets for clean cookstoves and fuels, and fund further research.<br><br>For further information visit: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves [http://cleancookstoves.org/ http://cleancookstoves.org/]<br><br>
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<br/>
  
== <br>Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy<br> ==
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<br/>
  
Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy: Geared toward Increasing Access to Energy Services for Rural and Peri-Urban Populations in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals (2005)<br>This ambitious White Paper, adopted in 2006, explicitly refers to cooking energy: <br>‘The objective for 2015 is for all of the population to have access to a modern or improved cooking service. This may be obtained through:
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== Country Examples<br/> ==
  
*Access to modern fuels – which requires, in the case of LPG, that households buy a gas stove and canister.
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=== [[Peru Energy Situation|Peru]] ===
*Improved biomass stoves, in conjunction with the construction of chimneys to reduce indoor air pollution. Where biomass is used, biomass production must be sustainable, using sustainable energy crops. This entails…carrying out in-depth reform of the forestry and rural sectors.’
 
  
The white paper aims at prioritising access to energy in the national PRSPs of the West African member states.
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==== Introduction ====
  
[http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101839 Download] White Paper (2005, UNDP)
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<u>A very encouraging example of what can be achieved through the combination of political will, funding for implementation, and technical assistance was the national campaign in Peru:</u>
  
== <br>Johannesburg Plan of Implementation - World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)  ==
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The national campaign "''Half a million improved cooking stoves for a smoke free Peru''" ("''Medio Millón de Cocinas Mejoradas: Por un Perú sin Humo''") was launched in June 2009 and ended in 2011. The partnership was formed by public and private institutions, such as the Presidency, several Ministries, regional and local governments, GIZ, private companies, universities, and NGOs. The majority of the rural population of Peru use traditional biomass for cooking. The goal was to install 500,000 stoves until 2011. For stoves to be considered improved stoves and to be disseminated as part of the campaign, they must meet certain quality standards: fast cooking time, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, security, and acceptance by the population. All the stoves boil 5 litres of water within half an hour and reduce the contamination in the kitchen by up to 90&nbsp;%.<br/>
  
The [http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POIToc.htm Plan of Implementation (WSSD)] confirms the Millennium Goals of 2000 and outlines a roadmap for putting them into action. The Plan promotes the substantial increase of the global share of renewable energy ‘with a sense of urgency’ rather than directly referring to household energy, but it repeatedly emphasises the importance of energy in facilitating the eradication of poverty. The plan demands joint action to improve access to renewable, sustainable and clean energy services, their efficient use and the introduction of new or improved technologies (e.g. [http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POIChapter2.htm Chapter II Poverty Eradication, paragraph 8]).<br>
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<br/><u>The objectives of the campaign were:</u>
  
== <br>Program of action 2015  ==
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*provide a framework to facilitate the inclusion and strengthening of public, private, and international cooperation initiatives and partnerships;
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*facilitate coordination, exchange of experiences and technical assistance strategies, management, logistics, processes, models of intervention, monitoring, and technology;
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*ensure quality and proper use of improved stoves certified in the process.<br/>
  
The Program of action 2015 was passed by the German Federal Government in 2001. It describes the contributions made by Germany to reach the Millennium Goals.  
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{| style="width: 528px" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center"
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|-
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| style="width: 510px" | [[File:Improved cookstove Paucamayo, Cajamarca.JPG|center|500px|alt=Improved cookstove Paucamayo, Cajamarca.JPG]]
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|-
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| style="width: 510px;  text-align: center" | Improved cookstove in Paucamayo, Cajamarca.<br/>
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|}
  
Paragraph 3.6 (Ensuring Access to Vital Resources) stresses the importance of sustainable energy policies. Special emphasis is put on those dealing with energy efficiency and renewable energies for reducing poverty. The German government commits itself to supporting its partner countries with regard to energy generation and energy supplies for poor rural areas. These locations are remote from the national grid and thus require renewable energy sources (e.g., biomass, solar energy, wind) and an enabling environment to facilitate poor people's access to efficient, grid-based electricity.
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==== For a smoke-free Peru - The impact of clean cookstoves<br/> ====
  
[http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-action-program-2015.pdf Program of the action 2015] (2001) GTZ-link<br>
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The smoke produced by traditional stoves in households in rural areas has harmful effects on the health of the whole family. It is a problem that affects almost one third of the population of our country.
  
== <br>UN Convention to Combat Desertification  ==
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In recent decades, various actors from civil society, academic institutions and international cooperation organizations have promoted the use of clean cookstoves in our country. They have undertaken small initiatives to replace traditional stoves.
  
The [http://www.unccd.int/ UNCCD], which came into force in 1996, emphasises the importance of the efficient use of energy, including the promotion of alternative sources to reduce dependency on wood fuels (UNCCD). The use of efficient cookstoves reduces the stresses on fragile ecosystems and thus creates positive impacts, such as reduced erosion and improved soil fertility. Many National Action Programmes (e.g. Kenya, Malawi, Ethiopia) consider the over exploitation of wood for fuel as one of the major causes of deforestation and land degradation. Therefore they promote the introduction of energy-saving stoves, the sustainable use and production of wood fuels, renewable energy sources other than wood, and fuel switching. <br>
+
However, we faced a major problem: There are more than two million families who are affected by these toxic gases inside their homes, actually a number that exceeds the effort of any private endeavor.
  
== <br>Agenda 21  ==
+
To have a real impact on the welfare of the people it was necessary to join efforts and work together with the public sector.
  
Agenda 21 was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is a comprehensive plan of action to be adopted globally, nationally and locally by organizations within the UN, and by governments and major groups in every area which experience human impact on the environment.  
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We strive to merge the various efforts in the public and private sector to give flight to a partnership that would allow us to place the issue in the agenda of the government: A National Campaign of Clean Cookstoves for a Smoke-free Peru.
  
Sustainable access to energy and its efficient use plays a role in several chapters of Section II of the Agenda. These chapters relate to the conservation and management of resources for development (especially chapters 9, 11, 14). <br>[http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm Download of the Agenda 21] (UN)<br>
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We received the attention of the public sector, since it was necessary to create a regulatory framework that would allow the replacement of traditional stoves by certified clean cookstoves. It was then that the Clean Cookstove Technical Standard was adopted, which established construction standards. In addition, a public agency was also designated to ensure and certify the permissible limits of emissions (SENCICO).
  
== <br>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  ==
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The campaign began to bear fruit: in 2009 an Emergency Decree was authorized, dictating that regional and local governments could invest 2.5% of the taxes and royalties from mining (CANON) in the construction of certified clean cookstoves.
  
Household energy programmes are linked to the [http://unfccc.int/2860.php UNFCCC] through actions to conserve of forests and promote renewable energy sources. The convention entered into force in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, is a supplement to this treaty.  
+
By 2012, the campaign reached nearly 250,000 households throughout the country, representing about one million healthier Peruvians.
  
[http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Download of the Kyoto Protocol] (UN) <br>
+
In addition, there is an added value in the field of certified clean cookstoves: they help preserve the environment because they emanate less carbon dioxide and use less fuel.<br/>
  
== <br>Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)  ==
+
It is also necessary to note that all the progress of this initiative was achieved through the combined efforts expressed through a forum for dialogue and inter-agency coordination that always characterized the campaign.<br/>
  
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) describe a country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes over a time horizon of at least three years. They are aimed at promoting a wide spectrum of growth initiatives and poverty reduction, and identify needs for external financing and major sources of financing. The papers are oriented towards achieving the MDGs. They are prepared by countries through a participatory process involving both domestic stakeholders and external development partners, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. PRSPs are updated every three years by annual progress reports. They are a necessary prerequisite for debt relief.
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<br/>
  
[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20175742~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:384201,00.html World Bank: PRSP Sourcebook]<br>
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==== Now we seek to eliminate all smoke from households ====
  
The PRSP Sourcebook (World Bank) assists countries in preparation of poverty reduction strategies. Annex Q ‘Energy: Technical Note’ provides a suggested structure for presenting energy/poverty linkages and sector goals in preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Especially under the sections ‘Social Sector Development’, and ‘Natural Resources and the Environment’, the role of firewood for cooking is highlighted. Gender aspects, management of forest resources and access to energy are the core issues highlighted in respect of cooking energy, and indicators such as availability and costs of improved cookstoves, and time collecting firewood are given. Potential energy strategies, include promotion of improved stoves through micro credit schemes, and policies for sustainable forest use and management by communities, are discussed.  
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Despite the progress in replacing traditional stoves, still nearly two million families in rural and peri-urban communities maintain traditional cooking practices, putting their health in jeopardy and affecting the environment. The goal of the campaign was to replace half a million stoves, and in three years of efforts, we reached almost 250,000.
  
[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20240478~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:384201,00.html <font size="2">Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) by country</font>]<br>
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However, it is not enough to remove only the smoke produced by traditional stoves at home. We must remove any device that generates harmful pollutants to human health, namely candles and oil lamps. This would be an extensive action -in terms of health- and it is the one we strive for now. It's time to expand our ideas and propose a comprehensive approach to remove all the smoke from homes.
  
A recent study by UNDP in 2007 ([http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101751 Energizing Poverty Reduction])&nbsp;examines to what degree energy-poverty dynamics are reflected in the current policies and plans set forth in national poverty reduction strategies. <br>[http://www.energyandenvironment.undp.org <font color="#002bb8">http://www.energyandenvironment.undp.org</font>]<br>
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It is clear that all issues raised must go hand in hand with public policy, because we know that major problems must be addressed jointly.
  
= Cooking energy on the national and regional agenda <br> =
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<br/>
  
== <u>Example Peru</u>:  ==
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==== If we want to endure, we must seek sustainability ====
  
The national campaign „Half a million improved cooking stoves for a smoke free Peru“ (“Medio Millón de Cocinas Mejoradas: Por un Perú sin Humo”) was launched in June 2009. The partnership is formed by public and private institutions, such as the Presidency, several Ministries, regional and local governments, GTZ, private companies, universities and NGOs. Currently, 50&nbsp;% of the people in Peru use traditional biomass for cooking. The goal until 2011 is to install 500,000 stoves. For stoves to be considered as improved stoves and to be disseminated as part of the campaign they must meet certain quality standards: fast cooking time, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, security and acceptance by the population. All the stoves boil 5 litres of water within half an hour and reduce the contamination in the kitchen by up to 90&nbsp;%.<br>The objectives of the campaign are:<br>
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We are aware that for generations, families in rural areas have developed practices that require no stove maintenance or cleaning. By contrast, clean cookstoves are a technology that requires some technical education, ranging from design and construction, to proper use and maintenance. Only then can the stoves guarantee their benefits and achieve their utility. For this reason, it is necessary to enhance intervention plans to incorporate activities that ensure sustainability and that clean cookstove users take ownership of this new technology.
  
*provide a framework to facilitate the inclusion and strengthening of public, private and international cooperation initiatives and partnerships;
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From this mass strategy of clean cookstoves, there are success stories of local companies who represent pioneering experiences in the markets of Arequipa, Andahuaylas, Cajamarca, Moquegua and San Martin.
*facilitate coordination, exchange of experiences and technical assistance strategies, management, logistics, processes, models of intervention, monitoring and technology;
 
*ensure quality and proper use of improved stoves certified in the process.
 
  
As of September 2010, there were 112,000 stoves installed.<br>For more information and results: [http://www.cocinasmejoradasperu.org.pe http://www.cocinasmejoradasperu.org.pe]<br>
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However, they are still insufficient in terms of the potential demand in the country. We must promote the strengthening of local capacity in the formation of companies, a factor which contributes to local development through employment and production.
  
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[[File:Number of cookstoves in Peru.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Number of cookstoves in Peru|alt=Number of cookstoves in Peru.jpg]]
  
== <br>Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy ==
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<br/>
  
Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy: Geared toward Increasing Access to Energy Services for Rural and Peri-Urban Populations in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals (2005)<br>This ambitious White Paper, adopted in 2006, explicitly refers to cooking energy: <br>‘The objective for 2015 is for all of the population to have access to a modern or improved cooking service. This may be obtained through:
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<br/>
  
Access to modern fuels – which requires, in the case of LPG, that households buy a gas stove and canister. <br>Improved biomass stoves, in conjunction with the construction of chimneys to reduce indoor air pollution. Where biomass is used, biomass production must be sustainable, using sustainable energy crops. This entails…carrying out in-depth reform of the forestry and rural sectors.’ <br>The white paper aims at prioritising access to energy in the national PRSPs of the West African member states.
+
<br/>
  
Download White Paper (2005, UNDP) <br>
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<br/>
  
= Cooking energy and focal areas of German Development Cooperation =
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= Cooking Energy and Focal Areas&nbsp;of Development Cooperation<br/> =
  
Access to modern cooking energy contributes to all of the priority sectors of German Development Cooperation. <br>The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) will focus its cooperation in the future on the following sectors: education, health, rural development, good governance and sustainable economic development. <br>Clean and efficient cooking energy specifically contributes to these sectors the following way:<br><br>
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At least since September 2015, universal Access to Energy is on every national energy agenda as well as on the list of international development cooperation. Energy for all means a) providing access to electricity for more than one fifth of the worlds' population. But the more challenging is b) providing access to sustainable, affordable and cleaner cooking energy for more than one third of the worlds' population. Access to modern cooking energy contributes to&nbsp;many sectors of international Development Cooperation. It can improve the situation&nbsp;related to&nbsp;education, health, rural development, good governance, and sustainable economic development&nbsp;in the following ways:<br/>
  
== Education – particularly basic education<br> ==
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<br/>
  
*An increase in the numbers of women and children with a basic education is promoted through:<br>- Decreasing the workload of women and children, leading to higher attendance and less fatigue, facilitates learning at school.<br>- Reducing the time spent on fuel collection and cooking, leaving more time for formal and informal education. <br>- Healthy children do not miss out on education, so the cycle of poverty can be broken through better qualifications in the next generation. <br>
+
== Education – Particularly Basic Education<br/> ==
*A full belly learns better than an empty one: school feeding programs can provide more food or better quality food if they save on fuel expenses.<br>
 
  
*Increased awareness about cooking energy in particular, and renewable energy in the broader sense:<br>- Integrating cooking energy information into school curricula, thereby educating more children directly, and indirectly sensitising parents and neighbours about cooking energy issues.<br>- Increasing knowledge and awareness about environmental, health and economic issues by instigating cooking energy awareness campaigns.<br>
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*An increase in the numbers of women and children with a basic education is promoted through:<br/>- Decreasing the workload (fuel collection and cooking) of women and children, can lead to higher attendance and less fatigue, which facilitates learning at school.<br/>- Healthy children do not miss out on education, so the cycle of poverty can be broken through better qualifications in the next generation.
 +
*A child with a full stomach learns better than a child with an empty one: school feeding programs can provide more food or better quality food if they save on fuel expenses.
 +
*The education sector can foster increased awareness about cooking and renewable energy:<br/>- Integrating cooking energy information into school curricula, thereby educating more children directly, and indirectly sensitizing parents and neighbours about cooking energy issues.<br/>- Increasing knowledge and awareness about environmental, health, and economic issues by instigating cooking energy awareness campaigns.
  
''<br>''
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<br/>
  
== Health – including family planning &amp; HIV/Aids <br> ==
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<br/>
  
Every year almost two billion people die due to diseases caused by Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) and substantial numbers of children suffer serious burns. The use of clean burning stoves leads to:<br>
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== Health – Including Family Planning & HIV / Aids<br/> ==
  
*A reduction in mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children, through:<br>- A reduction of respiratory diseases. <br>- A reduction of eye diseases.<br>- Less health hazards for pregnant women and infants.<br>- Relief for HIV/Aids patients and families through reduced respiratory ailments, improved nutrition and hot water for hygiene purposes.<br>- Reduced risk of accidental burns especially for children through provision of safer stoves and kitchens. <br>
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Every year,&nbsp;more than four&nbsp;million people die due to diseases caused by [[Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)|indoor air pollution (IAP)]] and a substantial number of children suffer serious burns.<br/>
  
*Healthy people are generally more productive, enabling some people to break the vicious circle of poverty.<br>
+
<u>The utilisation of clean burning stoves can lead to:</u><br/>
*Children suffering respiratory ailments due to IAP are a financial burden, particularly in female-headed households, as women have to care for their children rather than earning income, and they have to find money for medication. <br>
 
*With efficient stoves families have more energy available for the same amount of fuel. This extra energy can be used for boiling water to remove pathogens.<br>
 
  
== <br>Rural Development - Integrated approaches<br> ==
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*A reduction in mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children, through:<br/>- A reduction of respiratory diseases.<br/>- A reduction of eye diseases.<br/>- Less health hazards for pregnant women and infants.<br/>- Relief for HIV/Aids patients and families through reduced respiratory ailments, improved nutrition, and hot water for hygiene purposes.<br/>- Reduced risk of accidental burns especially for children through provision of safer stoves and kitchens.
 +
*Healthy people are generally more productive, enabling some people to break the vicious circle of poverty.
 +
*Children suffering respiratory ailments due to IAP are a financial burden, particularly in female-headed households. In households with children suffering from respiratory alignments, women care for their children rather than earning income, but need additional money for medication.
 +
*With efficient stoves, families have more energy available for the same amount of fuel. This additional energy can be used for boiling water to remove pathogens.
  
*Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy allows for rural development activities such as:<br>- income generation in rural areas: If people spend less time for collecting fuels and cooking, they are able to spend time for productive activities. New jobs are created in rural areas by decentralized production of efficient cooking stoves.<br>- improving living standards in rural areas: money saved on fuel is used for education and convenience goods.<br>- improving health in rural areas: People who are less effected by smoke are more likely to work and foster rural development.<br>- improving food security in rural areas: Since 90&nbsp;% of all daily food requires energy (cooking, baking, and drying), and energy efficient stoves can save between 40 and 80&nbsp;% of fuel, increasing fuel availability for food preparation can facilitate more regular and nutritious meals, especially for families coping with fuelwood shortages. <br>- improving levels of basic educational: In rural areas time and forces saved through improved cooking stoves enable especially children to spend more time for their education. <br>
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<br/>
*Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy also allows for conservation and sustainable utilisation of natural resources:<br>- it avoids deforestation, soil degradation and erosion <br>- use of dung as fertilizer on fields instead of as a fuel.<br>- re-afforestation measures to support sustainable wood fuel supply, such as by planting multi-purpose trees for fuelwood, fruit production and animal fodder<br>- introduction of sustainable forest management systems as source of income<br>- encouraging the shift to alternative renewable cooking fuels (green fuels), such as plant oils, ethanol, and solar
 
  
<br>
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<br/>
  
<br>
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== Rural Development - Integrated Approaches<br/> ==
  
== Good governance - Democracy, Civil Society, Public Services <br> ==
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*Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy allows for rural development activities such as:<br/>- income generation in rural areas: If people spend less time for fuel collection and cooking, they are able to spend more time on productive activities. New jobs are created in rural areas by decentralized production of efficient cookstoves.<br/>- improving living standards: money saved on fuel is used for education and convenience goods.<br/>- improving health: People who are less effected by smoke are more likely to work and foster rural development.<br/>- improving food security in rural areas: Since 95&nbsp;% of all daily food requires energy (cooking, baking, and drying). Energy efficient stoves can save between 40 and 80&nbsp;% of fuel and increasing fuel availability for food preparation can facilitate more regular and nutritious meals, especially for families coping with fuelwood shortages.<br/>- improving levels of basic education: In rural areas, time and energy saved through improved cookstoves enable children to focus on their education.
 +
*Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy also allows for conservation and sustainable utilisation of natural resources:<br/>- reduction of deforestation, soil degradation, and erosion<br/>- reduction of dung needed as a fuel, thereby enabling dung to be used as a fertilizer on fields, yielding a more productive harvest<br/>- re-afforestation measures to support sustainable wood fuel supply, for instance by planting multi-purpose trees for fuelwood, fruit production and animal fodder<br/>- introduction of sustainable forest management systems as source of income<br/>- encouraging the shift to alternative renewable cooking fuels (green fuels), such as ethanol, biogas and solar energy<br/>
 +
 
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 +
 
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== Good Governance - Democracy, Civil Society, Public Services<br/> ==
  
*Improvement of women’s working conditions and their status and role as stove users and producers, both within the family and the community through:<br>- reducing their daily workload <br>- increasing their participation and decision-making power <br>- ownership of technologies, through improved equipment and know-how<br>- income generation through production of cooking energy technologies. <br>
 
*Political participation of the poor can increase.&nbsp; <br>
 
 
*Decentralised provision of basic energy services empowers community government structures, which in turn promote sustainable cooking energy supplies and efficient energy use.
 
*Decentralised provision of basic energy services empowers community government structures, which in turn promote sustainable cooking energy supplies and efficient energy use.
 +
*Political participation of the poor can increase if less time is spent collecting firewood.
 +
*More women are becoming stove users and producers, thereby improving their working conditions and status in both the family and the community. This happens through:<br/>- reducing their daily workload<br/>- increasing their participation and decision-making power<br/>- enabling ownership of technologies, through improved equipment and know-how<br/>- enabling income generation through production of cooking energy technologies.
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<br>
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<br/>
  
== Sustainable Economic Development <br> ==
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== Sustainable Economic Development<br/> ==
  
*Establishment of new market opportunities for energy efficient technologies, thus creating additional business opportunities in stove production and sales for both men and women.<br>
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*Establishment of new market opportunities for energy efficient technologies, thereby creating additional business opportunities in stove production and sales for both men and women.
*Improved infrastructure through better access to affordable basic energy services enhances small business development. <br>
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*Improved infrastructure through better access to affordable basic energy services enhances small business development.
*A decrease in the money spent of fuel leads to an increased share of the household budget available for productive use for income generation. <br>
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*Less money spent on fuel leads to an increased share of the household budget available for productive use for income generation.
*Efficient stoves save time which is used in many cases in a productive way: for food production in gardens and on farm land, food processing, and for other income generating activities (such as poultry raising or establishing a tree nursery).<br>
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*Efficient stoves save time which can be used in a productive way such as food production in gardens and on farm land, food processing, poultry raising, establishing a tree nursery, etc.
*Small restaurants save a lot of money using energy-saving stoves. This money can be invested into the restaurant, improving food quality or simply lead to more income. <br>
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*Small restaurants save a lot of money by using energy-saving stoves. This money can be invested into the restaurant, improving food quality or simply leading to more income.
*Food processing using energy efficient technologies (like solar dryers) increases agricultural value chains and income generation. <br>
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*Food processing using energy efficient technologies (like solar dryers) increases agricultural value chains and income generation.
*Re-afforestation measures and sustainable wood fuel production can be an additional source of income for farmers.
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*Re-afforestation measures and sustainable wood fuel production can be an additional source of income for farmers.<br/>
 +
*Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the SDGs. Efficient cooking stoves in particular can provide some of the most vulnerable people worldwide with access to modern energy.<br/>Creating local markets for efficient cookstoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces greenhouse gas emissions and saves fuels to prolong the existance of environmental resources worldwide.<br/>
  
Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the MDGs. Especially efficient cooking stoves provide access to modern energy to the most vulnerable people worldwide.<br>Creating local markets for efficient cooking stoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces carbon emissions and saves fuels to prolong environmental resources worldwide.
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--> [[Facts on Cooking Energy#toc|Top of the page]]
  
For more information on the priority areas and the promotion of renewable energy for development of the BMZ see: [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/index.html Issus on Energy], on [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/renewable_energies/biomass/index.html Biomass].
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<br/>
  
= Lessons learnt from improved cookstove projects  =
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<br/>
  
The lessons formulated here contain the essence of long years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production and dissemination of locally produced improved stoves. They were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.<br>The analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to assure that the intended development results were achieved. This means, that these “lessons learnt“ are not only focussing on the planning, development, production and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability.
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= Lessons Learnt from Improved Cookstove Projects<br/> =
  
<br>'''Planning and policy level'''  
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Disseminating improved cookstoves is not per se a success story despite the fact that they have several advantages compared to traditional cooking technologies. For example, in a recent study of the '''[http://web.mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]''' in India, the benefit of providing clean cookstoves to poor households was rather disappointing. Improved stoves were sold to 2600 households at a subsidized price of 75 US cents, whereas the real price of the stove was 12.50 USD. The usage of these subsidized stoves were lower than expected right from the beginning and declined significantly over time. Households generally did not make maintenance investments (e.g., cleaning the chimney) to keep the stoves operational. Most households continued to use their traditional stoves.<br/>Over the time, when the improved stove detoriated, the use of the traditional stove became more and more dominant. Consequently, the introduction of the improved stove soon failed to reduce firewood consumption, [[Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)|indoor air pollution]] and greenhouse gas emissions. Similar results are known from other studies. Therefore, it is important to analyse the reasons why certain stove projects failed despite major potential benefits and to understand the barriers to adoption and proper use.
  
*An in-depth feasibility study that looks carefully into the various interrelated aspects (poverty-alleviation, gender, cost-benefit calculations, lifestyle improvement, technical efficiency, environmental impact, policy) that affect the implementation process will be instrumental in assuring adequate planning.
+
The lessons formulated here contain the essence of many years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production, and dissemination of locally produced improved cookstoves and were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.<br/>This analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to ensure that the intended development results were actually achieved. This means, that these “lessons learnt“ do not only focus on the planning, development, production, and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability.
*Continuous monitoring and flexibility in planning is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for being able to react quickly to planning mistakes. Time for the project personnel to react to the consequences of planning mistakes also plays a major role.  
 
*Integrated concepts, which are complementary to other developmental activities create synergy effects, are cost-effective and bring quicker results.  
 
*At a development policy level, sound economic analyses that prove the positive cost-benefit relations of using improved cook stoves are a good mean to convince decision makers of the relevance of clean and efficient energy provision and its relationship with other aspects of development to reach the MDGs.
 
*A participatory approach, which recognizes the importance of gender relations, provides the best chances for a new technology to be accepted. However, it is a subject that has to be carefully monitored. For example, in Kenya it was found that as stove building became more profitable, more men have taken over the job of liner production and stove building. They were more successful, as they could travel more easily while women had other household duties to perform. This follows a general trend through history that as soon as a task becomes really profitable, men replace women at the job. This is a point that should be carefully monitored and strategies developed to give women an equal chance to profit from the production and sale of stoves.
 
  
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<br/><u>Planning and policy level</u>:
  
'''Product Development'''
+
*An in-depth feasibility study which looks carefully into the various interrelated aspects (poverty-alleviation, gender, cost-benefit calculations, lifestyle improvement, technical efficiency, environmental impact, policy) which affect the implementation process will be instrumental in assuring adequate planning.
 +
*Continuous monitoring and flexibility in planning is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for being able to react quickly to planning mistakes. Time for the project personnel to react to the consequences of such mistakes also plays a major role.
 +
*Integrated concepts which are complementary to other developmental activities, create synergy effects, are cost-effective and bring results more rapidly.
 +
*At a development policy level, sound economic analyses, which prove the positive cost-benefit relations of using improved cook stoves, are a good way to convince decision makers of the relevance of clean and efficient energy provision and its relationship with other aspects of development to reach the SDGs.<br/>
 +
*A participatory approach, which recognizes the importance of gender relations, provides the best chances for a new technology to be accepted. However, it is a subject that has to be carefully monitored. In Kenya, for instance, it was found that as soon as stove building became more profitable, more men took over the job of liner production and stove building. They were more successful as they could travel more easily while women had other household duties to perform. This is an important fact which should be monitored carefully. Strategies should be developed to give women an equal chance to profit from the production and sale of stoves.
  
*For a product to be acceptable to the users it has to have high quality standards, i.e. be available, affordable, reliable, and bring measurable advantages in terms of money or time savings, reduction of indoor air pollution or ease of practical use.
+
<br/>
*Products must be attractive, modern and desirable in the eyes of the users.
 
*A serious, frequently-encountered problem is that most people whose stove is in a poor condition still consider them functional. People prefer them to the 3-stone fire, mainly because they could do other things while the food was cooking. Here, awareness raising is necessary to show the relationship between stove condition and efficiency.
 
*The lifetime of a stove depends on the quality of the basic materials and on how well it is maintained. This should be monitored carefully and continuously until a high quality product can be assured.
 
*Where stoves are only produced seasonally (rainy or dry period, depending on the work to be done in the fields), the comparatively lower production endangers the quality of the stove, as skills are not always fully developed or kept up
 
*On the organizational level producers and stove builders should form professional organizations where the importance of quality labelling, providing warranty and user awareness are discussed and organized.
 
*A functional networking system optimizes the knowledge transfer and South-South exchange. Through project exchange visits the learning effect is often higher than in a training course situation.
 
*International stove standards are in the process of being developed. They will need to be adapted to the specific situation in each country and regularly be brought up to date.
 
  
<br>'''Dissemination Approach'''
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<u>Product Development</u>:
  
*A fully commercial approach is the most important step to achieve long-term sustainability. It should be practiced from the very beginning wherever possible, unless special circumstances (refugee situations, environmental catastrophes) prevent this option.  
+
*To make a cookstove acceptable to the end-users, it has to have high quality standards, i.e. be available, affordable, reliable, and bring measurable advantages in terms of money or time savings, reduction of indoor air pollution or ease of practical use.
*The most crucial indicator for sustainability is the timely replacement of the stove by the user after its lifetime has expired.  
+
*Products must be attractive, modern, and desirable in the eyes of the users.
*A dissemination structure where organizations are paid on the basis of the number of stoves built bears the danger of failure, because where quantity goes before quality there may be insufficient time to properly train the producers and users and get them acquainted with good maintenance.  
+
*Products must be easy to use and maintain
*A strong focus on advisory and technical support for the partners may be more important than giving only financial assistance. Sound training of local technical and marketing expertise is the best guarantee of having a successful project in the long run.  
+
*A serious and frequently-encountered problem is that most people consider their stove still functional even if it is in poor condition. People prefer them to the 3-stone fire, mainly because they could do other things while the food was cooking. Here, repeated awareness raising is necessary to show the relationship between stove condition and efficiency.
*For NGOs to be motivated and effective, they should have the chance to earn money through the sale of the product.  
+
*The lifetime of a stove depends on the quality of the basic materials and on how well it is maintained. This should be monitored carefully and continuously until a high quality product can be assured.
*Appropriate incentives and adequate monitoring are the key factors for success when disseminating a technology. In order to achieve a sustainable market development and long-lasting impacts, it is necessary to set up independent control mechanisms independent of the financing institutions.  
+
*Where stoves are only produced seasonally (rainy or dry period, depending on the work to be done in the fields), the comparatively lower production endangers the quality of the stove, as skills are not always fully developed or kept up
*There is a limit to the number of cooperating partner organizations that can be effectively monitored. Involving too many partners at the same time may jeopardise effective dissemination, because effective monitoring may no longer be possible.  
+
*On the organizational level, producers and stove builders should form professional organizations where the importance of quality labelling, providing warranties and user awareness are discussed and organized.
 +
*A functional networking system optimises knowledge transfer and South-South exchange. Through project exchange visits, the learning effect is often higher than in a training course situation.
 +
*International stove standards are in the process of being developed. They will need to be adapted to the specific situation in each country and regularly brought up to date.
 +
 
 +
<br/>
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<u>Dissemination Approach</u>:
 +
 
 +
*A '''fully commercial approach is the most important step in achieving long-term sustainability'''. It should be practiced from the very beginning wherever possible, unless special circumstances (refugee situations, environmental catastrophes) prevent this option.
 +
*The '''most crucial indicator for sustainability is the timely replacement of the stove by the user '''after its lifetime has expired.
 +
*A dissemination structure where organizations are paid on the basis of the number of stoves built, bears the danger of '''failure''', because where '''quantity goes before quality '''there may be insufficient time to properly train the producers and users and get them acquainted with good maintenance.
 +
*A strong focus on advisory and technical support for the partners may be more important than giving only financial assistance. '''Sound training of local technical and marketing expertise is the best guarantee of having a successful project in the long run'''.
 +
*For '''NGOs '''to be motivated and effective, they should have the '''chance to earn money '''through the sale of the product.
 +
*'''Appropriate incentives '''and '''adequate monitoring''' are key factors for success when disseminating a technology. In order to achieve a sustainable market development and long-lasting impacts, it is necessary to set up '''independent control mechanisms''' independent of the financing institutions.
 +
*There is a limit to the number of cooperating partner organizations that can be effectively monitored. Involving '''too many partners '''at the same time '''may jeopardise effective dissemination''', because effective monitoring may no longer be possible.
 
*Changing dissemination strategies in the course of a project should only take place after intensive discussion with the artisans and the users to make sure that everyone understands the reasoning behind the change and they are ready not only to accept, but decide favourably by themselves.
 
*Changing dissemination strategies in the course of a project should only take place after intensive discussion with the artisans and the users to make sure that everyone understands the reasoning behind the change and they are ready not only to accept, but decide favourably by themselves.
  
<br>
+
<br/>
  
'''Marketing and Financing'''
+
<u>Marketing and Financing</u>:
  
*There is need for government or donor support to the responsible partner organisations for at least five (better ten) years. It takes time to overcome old habits and assure the establishment of new local structures for such overriding necessities as technical and business training, research, promotion and monitoring activities. The average costs for the maintenance services on the other hand should be included in the price of the stove, or there should be set rates for maintenance services.  
+
*There is a need for '''government or donors to support '''the responsible partner organisations '''for at least five (better ten) years'''. It takes time to overcome old habits and establish new local structures for necessities such as technical and business training, research, promotion, and monitoring activities. The average costs for maintenance services on the other hand should be included in the price of the stove, or there should be set rates for maintenance services.
*It is more advantageous to offer micro-credit opportunities and longer payment periods rather than building stoves for free, branding the user as poor and not being able to afford a quality product. Psychologically it is better to advertise the product as modern, healthy, attractive, something everyone ‘must have’ - and then make sure that it is affordable even for the less wealthy.  
+
*It is '''more advantageous to offer micro-credit opportunities and longer payment periods than building stoves for free''', branding the user as poor and not being able to afford a quality product. Psychologically, it is better to advertise the product as modern, healthy, attractive, something everyone ‘must have’ - and then make sure that it is affordable even for the less wealthy.
*Independent stove producers, who are known to produce high quality products and have learned to promote it by labelling their products and advertising it, should be able to competitively market their stoves.  
+
*'''Independent stove producers''', who are known to produce high quality products and have learned to promote it by labelling their products and advertising it, '''should be able to competitively market their stoves'''.
*Saving fuel wood, money and time, and smoke reduction are the most important benefits reported by small businesses like restaurants or bakeries.  
+
*Saving fuel wood, money and time, and smoke reduction are the most important benefits reported by small businesses like restaurants or bakeries.
 
*Many users still lack knowledge of the health benefits of smoke-reduced cooking with an efficient cookstove. Local health services should be involved in spreading this message and health monitoring should be planned and carried out jointly.
 
*Many users still lack knowledge of the health benefits of smoke-reduced cooking with an efficient cookstove. Local health services should be involved in spreading this message and health monitoring should be planned and carried out jointly.
  
[[Category:Cooking]]
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= Further Information<br/> =
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*[[Portal:Improved Cooking|Improved Cooking Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
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= References<br/> =
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This article was originally published by [http://www.giz.de/fachexpertise/html/2769.html GIZ HERA]. It is basically based on experiences, lessons learned and information gathered by GIZ cook stove projects. You can find more information about the authors and experts of the original “Cooking Energy Compendium” in the [[Imprint - GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|Imprint.]]
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The article on improved cookstoves in Peru was originally published by [http://proyectoendev.blogspot.com/ EnDev Peru] in the first issue of the [[Amaray Magazine - Energising Development Peru|Amaray Magazine - Energising Development Peru]] published in August 2012 ([[:File:AMARAY N°1 August 2012.pdf|File:AMARAY N°1 August 2012]]).
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[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]
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[[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]
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[[Category:Impacts]]
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[[Category:Impacts_Environmental]]
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[[Category:Impacts_Health]]
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[[Category:Impacts_Social]]
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[[Category:Biomass]]
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[[Category:Cooking_Energy]]
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[[Category:Improved_Cooking]]
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[[Category:Millennium_Development_Goals_(MDGs)]]
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[[Category:Lessons_Learned]]
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[[Category:Sustainable_Development_Goals_(SDGs)]]
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[[Category:Peru]]

Latest revision as of 07:56, 19 October 2020

GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png



Cooking Energy System | Basics | Policy Advice | Planning | Designing and Implementing ICS Supply | Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply | Climate Change | Extra


Cooking Energy - Introduction and Reason for focussing on biomass energy

  • Every person needs food to sustain their lives. The vast majority of staple foods, 95%[1], need cooking before they can be eaten and most people cook 2-3 times per day, EVERY day.
  • In 2018, about 2.8[2] billion people use biomass fuels for cooking. These fuels include firewood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural residues.
  • Cooking energy accounts for about 90% of all household energy consumption in developing countries.
  • Frequently, biomass fuels are the only available energy source, especially in rural areas. In most Sub-Saharan countries, more than 80% of the population depend on biomass fuels for their daily cooking.
  • Biomass fuels are mainly burned on inefficient open fires and traditional stoves.
  • Despite massive efforts aimed at substitution and electrification, the number of people relying on biomass is decreasing only slightely. It is estimated that by 2030, 2.52 billion people will still cook with biomass.
  • Despite the important role of biomass for cooking, it is considered 'dirty' and 'backward' and seldom associated with 'modern energy'. Yet, biomass is here to stay.


Disadvantages of Biomass

  • In many cases, the demand for biomass fuels far outweighs sustainable supply. This can contribute to deforestation, land degradation and desertification.
  • Unclean burning leads to emissions.
  • Dwindling resources lead to an additional workload for women and children as they have to spend more time searching for firewood. The fuel they find is often of a lower grade and thus burns with more smoke and less heat.
  • Every year, the smoke from open fires and traditional stoves - leading to indoor air pollution - kills about 4.3 million people. Thus, every 8 seconds, someone (mostly women and children) is dying due to inefficient use of biomass fuel.
  • Fuelwood is often collected on a daily basis and has no time to dry before use. This makes the use less efficient as some heat is wasted to drive the moisture out of the wood. Moist fuel results in more smoke.


Advantages of Biomass

  • Biomass is a renewable source of energy - if produced in a sustainable manner. Efficient planting guarantees that supply meets demand.
  • In most regions of the world, people use wood or some form of biomass fuel. With the right stove, the majority of these fuels can be burned without further processing.
  • Usually biomass fuels are easily accessible. Collecting firewood seems to be cheaper than alternative fuels such as gas, paraffin, and electricity. Thus, biomass fuels are more affordable to the poor.
  • Biomass is within reach of users. Users do not depend on providers, utilities or imports as for fossil fuels.
  • Fuel preparation behaviour is often more important in reducing emissions than the technology itself.



Technologies for the Efficient Use of Biomass

  • Technologies and techniques for sustainable production and efficient use of biomass energy are available. Further scaling up of these techniques and technologies is needed.
  • Biomass fuels will remain the most important source of energy for the next decades. The best way to burn them efficiently and sustainably is the use of clean-burning and efficient stoves.
  • A well-designed improved household stove, which is properly used, can save up to 60% of fuel compared to the traditional three-stone fire.
  • Well-designed energy-efficient stoves emit very little smoke, provided that improved efficiency is due in part to improved combustion. A large number of stoves are efficient because of the way heat is directed at the pot (heat transfer efficiency), rather than by improved combustion (combustion efficiency). It is important to ensure that both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency are improved when designing a stove.
  • Improved technologies range from artisanal or factory-produced biomass burning stoves to solar cookers, heat retaining cookers, and stoves using green fuels such as ethanol or biogas.


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Cooking Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

'Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development' was adopted at the UN Summit for Sustainable Development on 25 September 2015. The agenda includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030.

Energy is finally being recognized as a key enabler for development under Goal 7. Universal access to energy, a higher share of renewable energy and massive improvements in energy efficiency are now part of the top global priorities for sustainable development in the years to come. Access to affordable and reliable Cooking Energy is explicitly mentioned under Goal 7.1.2

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all [4]

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy service

  • Indicator 7.1.1 Percentage of the population with access to electricity
  • Indicator 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology (“Clean” is defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion)[5].

Further reading: Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals

The GACC lists 10 of the SDG that clean cooking can directly deliver gains across: SDG 1, 2, 3,4,  5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15. Clean Cooking could serve as a key driver of SDGs success.[3]
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Cooking Energy Initiatives on the International and Regional Agenda


Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All)

In 2011, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon launched the initiative 'Sustainable Energy for All'.

SE4All wants to achieve the following goals by 2030:

  1. Energy access for all (in particular electricity and cooking energy)
  2. Doubling the annuall growth rate of energy efficiency
  3. Doubling the share of renewable energies in the global energy portfolio




Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves / Alliance for Clean Cooking

'The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves' was presented in 2010 in the margins of the UN summit on the Millennium Development Goals in New York. The Alliance’s goal ‘100 by 20’ calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.

In October 2018, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves changed their name into Clean Cooking Alliance.



Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative (ACCES)

To support large-scale dissemination and adoption of clean cook stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank has established the Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative. It seeks to improve health conditions, counteract climate change and decrease negative socio-economic impacts of traditional cooking stoves by introducing clean cooking technologies and clean cooking fuels. ACCESS promotes clean cooking through a "consultative, integrated, enterprise-based approach".



Energising Development (EnDev)

The 'Energising Development' (EnDev) programme is a multi-donor partnership, currently financed and governed by the governments of the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Sweden. EnDev promotes sustainable access to modern energy services for households, social institutions and small to medium-sized enterprises in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. EnDev has taken a leading role in developing local markets for clean burning cookstoves. The GIZ contributes to the EnDev-programme as the leading implementing agency.



United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Cooking energy programmes are linked to the UNFCCC through actions to conserve forests and promote renewable energy sources. There has been a lot of interest recently in carbon credit financing for improved stove projects. Since 2006, stove organizations have begun to receive funding from carbon credits.



West African Clean Cooking Alliance (WACCA)

The ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREE) officially launched the West African Clean Cooking Alliance in October 2012. The initiative's objective is "to provide access to efficient, sustainable and affordable cooking energy in the entire ECOWAS region". This objective shall be achieved by the introduction of policies and frameworks, capacity building, harmonisation of standards and labelling, and the promotion of networking and knowledge sharing.



Country Examples

Peru

Introduction

A very encouraging example of what can be achieved through the combination of political will, funding for implementation, and technical assistance was the national campaign in Peru:

The national campaign "Half a million improved cooking stoves for a smoke free Peru" ("Medio Millón de Cocinas Mejoradas: Por un Perú sin Humo") was launched in June 2009 and ended in 2011. The partnership was formed by public and private institutions, such as the Presidency, several Ministries, regional and local governments, GIZ, private companies, universities, and NGOs. The majority of the rural population of Peru use traditional biomass for cooking. The goal was to install 500,000 stoves until 2011. For stoves to be considered improved stoves and to be disseminated as part of the campaign, they must meet certain quality standards: fast cooking time, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, security, and acceptance by the population. All the stoves boil 5 litres of water within half an hour and reduce the contamination in the kitchen by up to 90 %.


The objectives of the campaign were:

  • provide a framework to facilitate the inclusion and strengthening of public, private, and international cooperation initiatives and partnerships;
  • facilitate coordination, exchange of experiences and technical assistance strategies, management, logistics, processes, models of intervention, monitoring, and technology;
  • ensure quality and proper use of improved stoves certified in the process.
Improved cookstove Paucamayo, Cajamarca.JPG
Improved cookstove in Paucamayo, Cajamarca.

For a smoke-free Peru - The impact of clean cookstoves

The smoke produced by traditional stoves in households in rural areas has harmful effects on the health of the whole family. It is a problem that affects almost one third of the population of our country.

In recent decades, various actors from civil society, academic institutions and international cooperation organizations have promoted the use of clean cookstoves in our country. They have undertaken small initiatives to replace traditional stoves.

However, we faced a major problem: There are more than two million families who are affected by these toxic gases inside their homes, actually a number that exceeds the effort of any private endeavor.

To have a real impact on the welfare of the people it was necessary to join efforts and work together with the public sector.

We strive to merge the various efforts in the public and private sector to give flight to a partnership that would allow us to place the issue in the agenda of the government: A National Campaign of Clean Cookstoves for a Smoke-free Peru.

We received the attention of the public sector, since it was necessary to create a regulatory framework that would allow the replacement of traditional stoves by certified clean cookstoves. It was then that the Clean Cookstove Technical Standard was adopted, which established construction standards. In addition, a public agency was also designated to ensure and certify the permissible limits of emissions (SENCICO).

The campaign began to bear fruit: in 2009 an Emergency Decree was authorized, dictating that regional and local governments could invest 2.5% of the taxes and royalties from mining (CANON) in the construction of certified clean cookstoves.

By 2012, the campaign reached nearly 250,000 households throughout the country, representing about one million healthier Peruvians.

In addition, there is an added value in the field of certified clean cookstoves: they help preserve the environment because they emanate less carbon dioxide and use less fuel.

It is also necessary to note that all the progress of this initiative was achieved through the combined efforts expressed through a forum for dialogue and inter-agency coordination that always characterized the campaign.


Now we seek to eliminate all smoke from households

Despite the progress in replacing traditional stoves, still nearly two million families in rural and peri-urban communities maintain traditional cooking practices, putting their health in jeopardy and affecting the environment. The goal of the campaign was to replace half a million stoves, and in three years of efforts, we reached almost 250,000.

However, it is not enough to remove only the smoke produced by traditional stoves at home. We must remove any device that generates harmful pollutants to human health, namely candles and oil lamps. This would be an extensive action -in terms of health- and it is the one we strive for now. It's time to expand our ideas and propose a comprehensive approach to remove all the smoke from homes.

It is clear that all issues raised must go hand in hand with public policy, because we know that major problems must be addressed jointly.


If we want to endure, we must seek sustainability

We are aware that for generations, families in rural areas have developed practices that require no stove maintenance or cleaning. By contrast, clean cookstoves are a technology that requires some technical education, ranging from design and construction, to proper use and maintenance. Only then can the stoves guarantee their benefits and achieve their utility. For this reason, it is necessary to enhance intervention plans to incorporate activities that ensure sustainability and that clean cookstove users take ownership of this new technology.

From this mass strategy of clean cookstoves, there are success stories of local companies who represent pioneering experiences in the markets of Arequipa, Andahuaylas, Cajamarca, Moquegua and San Martin.

However, they are still insufficient in terms of the potential demand in the country. We must promote the strengthening of local capacity in the formation of companies, a factor which contributes to local development through employment and production.

Number of cookstoves in Peru.jpg
Number of cookstoves in Peru





Cooking Energy and Focal Areas of Development Cooperation

At least since September 2015, universal Access to Energy is on every national energy agenda as well as on the list of international development cooperation. Energy for all means a) providing access to electricity for more than one fifth of the worlds' population. But the more challenging is b) providing access to sustainable, affordable and cleaner cooking energy for more than one third of the worlds' population. Access to modern cooking energy contributes to many sectors of international Development Cooperation. It can improve the situation related to education, health, rural development, good governance, and sustainable economic development in the following ways:


Education – Particularly Basic Education

  • An increase in the numbers of women and children with a basic education is promoted through:
    - Decreasing the workload (fuel collection and cooking) of women and children, can lead to higher attendance and less fatigue, which facilitates learning at school.
    - Healthy children do not miss out on education, so the cycle of poverty can be broken through better qualifications in the next generation.
  • A child with a full stomach learns better than a child with an empty one: school feeding programs can provide more food or better quality food if they save on fuel expenses.
  • The education sector can foster increased awareness about cooking and renewable energy:
    - Integrating cooking energy information into school curricula, thereby educating more children directly, and indirectly sensitizing parents and neighbours about cooking energy issues.
    - Increasing knowledge and awareness about environmental, health, and economic issues by instigating cooking energy awareness campaigns.



Health – Including Family Planning & HIV / Aids

Every year, more than four million people die due to diseases caused by indoor air pollution (IAP) and a substantial number of children suffer serious burns.

The utilisation of clean burning stoves can lead to:

  • A reduction in mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children, through:
    - A reduction of respiratory diseases.
    - A reduction of eye diseases.
    - Less health hazards for pregnant women and infants.
    - Relief for HIV/Aids patients and families through reduced respiratory ailments, improved nutrition, and hot water for hygiene purposes.
    - Reduced risk of accidental burns especially for children through provision of safer stoves and kitchens.
  • Healthy people are generally more productive, enabling some people to break the vicious circle of poverty.
  • Children suffering respiratory ailments due to IAP are a financial burden, particularly in female-headed households. In households with children suffering from respiratory alignments, women care for their children rather than earning income, but need additional money for medication.
  • With efficient stoves, families have more energy available for the same amount of fuel. This additional energy can be used for boiling water to remove pathogens.



Rural Development - Integrated Approaches

  • Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy allows for rural development activities such as:
    - income generation in rural areas: If people spend less time for fuel collection and cooking, they are able to spend more time on productive activities. New jobs are created in rural areas by decentralized production of efficient cookstoves.
    - improving living standards: money saved on fuel is used for education and convenience goods.
    - improving health: People who are less effected by smoke are more likely to work and foster rural development.
    - improving food security in rural areas: Since 95 % of all daily food requires energy (cooking, baking, and drying). Energy efficient stoves can save between 40 and 80 % of fuel and increasing fuel availability for food preparation can facilitate more regular and nutritious meals, especially for families coping with fuelwood shortages.
    - improving levels of basic education: In rural areas, time and energy saved through improved cookstoves enable children to focus on their education.
  • Access to affordable and reliable cooking energy also allows for conservation and sustainable utilisation of natural resources:
    - reduction of deforestation, soil degradation, and erosion
    - reduction of dung needed as a fuel, thereby enabling dung to be used as a fertilizer on fields, yielding a more productive harvest
    - re-afforestation measures to support sustainable wood fuel supply, for instance by planting multi-purpose trees for fuelwood, fruit production and animal fodder
    - introduction of sustainable forest management systems as source of income
    - encouraging the shift to alternative renewable cooking fuels (green fuels), such as ethanol, biogas and solar energy



Good Governance - Democracy, Civil Society, Public Services

  • Decentralised provision of basic energy services empowers community government structures, which in turn promote sustainable cooking energy supplies and efficient energy use.
  • Political participation of the poor can increase if less time is spent collecting firewood.
  • More women are becoming stove users and producers, thereby improving their working conditions and status in both the family and the community. This happens through:
    - reducing their daily workload
    - increasing their participation and decision-making power
    - enabling ownership of technologies, through improved equipment and know-how
    - enabling income generation through production of cooking energy technologies.



Sustainable Economic Development

  • Establishment of new market opportunities for energy efficient technologies, thereby creating additional business opportunities in stove production and sales for both men and women.
  • Improved infrastructure through better access to affordable basic energy services enhances small business development.
  • Less money spent on fuel leads to an increased share of the household budget available for productive use for income generation.
  • Efficient stoves save time which can be used in a productive way such as food production in gardens and on farm land, food processing, poultry raising, establishing a tree nursery, etc.
  • Small restaurants save a lot of money by using energy-saving stoves. This money can be invested into the restaurant, improving food quality or simply leading to more income.
  • Food processing using energy efficient technologies (like solar dryers) increases agricultural value chains and income generation.
  • Re-afforestation measures and sustainable wood fuel production can be an additional source of income for farmers.
  • Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the SDGs. Efficient cooking stoves in particular can provide some of the most vulnerable people worldwide with access to modern energy.
    Creating local markets for efficient cookstoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces greenhouse gas emissions and saves fuels to prolong the existance of environmental resources worldwide.


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Lessons Learnt from Improved Cookstove Projects

Disseminating improved cookstoves is not per se a success story despite the fact that they have several advantages compared to traditional cooking technologies. For example, in a recent study of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in India, the benefit of providing clean cookstoves to poor households was rather disappointing. Improved stoves were sold to 2600 households at a subsidized price of 75 US cents, whereas the real price of the stove was 12.50 USD. The usage of these subsidized stoves were lower than expected right from the beginning and declined significantly over time. Households generally did not make maintenance investments (e.g., cleaning the chimney) to keep the stoves operational. Most households continued to use their traditional stoves.
Over the time, when the improved stove detoriated, the use of the traditional stove became more and more dominant. Consequently, the introduction of the improved stove soon failed to reduce firewood consumption, indoor air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Similar results are known from other studies. Therefore, it is important to analyse the reasons why certain stove projects failed despite major potential benefits and to understand the barriers to adoption and proper use.

The lessons formulated here contain the essence of many years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production, and dissemination of locally produced improved cookstoves and were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.
This analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to ensure that the intended development results were actually achieved. This means, that these “lessons learnt“ do not only focus on the planning, development, production, and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability.


Planning and policy level:

  • An in-depth feasibility study which looks carefully into the various interrelated aspects (poverty-alleviation, gender, cost-benefit calculations, lifestyle improvement, technical efficiency, environmental impact, policy) which affect the implementation process will be instrumental in assuring adequate planning.
  • Continuous monitoring and flexibility in planning is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for being able to react quickly to planning mistakes. Time for the project personnel to react to the consequences of such mistakes also plays a major role.
  • Integrated concepts which are complementary to other developmental activities, create synergy effects, are cost-effective and bring results more rapidly.
  • At a development policy level, sound economic analyses, which prove the positive cost-benefit relations of using improved cook stoves, are a good way to convince decision makers of the relevance of clean and efficient energy provision and its relationship with other aspects of development to reach the SDGs.
  • A participatory approach, which recognizes the importance of gender relations, provides the best chances for a new technology to be accepted. However, it is a subject that has to be carefully monitored. In Kenya, for instance, it was found that as soon as stove building became more profitable, more men took over the job of liner production and stove building. They were more successful as they could travel more easily while women had other household duties to perform. This is an important fact which should be monitored carefully. Strategies should be developed to give women an equal chance to profit from the production and sale of stoves.


Product Development:

  • To make a cookstove acceptable to the end-users, it has to have high quality standards, i.e. be available, affordable, reliable, and bring measurable advantages in terms of money or time savings, reduction of indoor air pollution or ease of practical use.
  • Products must be attractive, modern, and desirable in the eyes of the users.
  • Products must be easy to use and maintain
  • A serious and frequently-encountered problem is that most people consider their stove still functional even if it is in poor condition. People prefer them to the 3-stone fire, mainly because they could do other things while the food was cooking. Here, repeated awareness raising is necessary to show the relationship between stove condition and efficiency.
  • The lifetime of a stove depends on the quality of the basic materials and on how well it is maintained. This should be monitored carefully and continuously until a high quality product can be assured.
  • Where stoves are only produced seasonally (rainy or dry period, depending on the work to be done in the fields), the comparatively lower production endangers the quality of the stove, as skills are not always fully developed or kept up
  • On the organizational level, producers and stove builders should form professional organizations where the importance of quality labelling, providing warranties and user awareness are discussed and organized.
  • A functional networking system optimises knowledge transfer and South-South exchange. Through project exchange visits, the learning effect is often higher than in a training course situation.
  • International stove standards are in the process of being developed. They will need to be adapted to the specific situation in each country and regularly brought up to date.


Dissemination Approach:

  • A fully commercial approach is the most important step in achieving long-term sustainability. It should be practiced from the very beginning wherever possible, unless special circumstances (refugee situations, environmental catastrophes) prevent this option.
  • The most crucial indicator for sustainability is the timely replacement of the stove by the user after its lifetime has expired.
  • A dissemination structure where organizations are paid on the basis of the number of stoves built, bears the danger of failure, because where quantity goes before quality there may be insufficient time to properly train the producers and users and get them acquainted with good maintenance.
  • A strong focus on advisory and technical support for the partners may be more important than giving only financial assistance. Sound training of local technical and marketing expertise is the best guarantee of having a successful project in the long run.
  • For NGOs to be motivated and effective, they should have the chance to earn money through the sale of the product.
  • Appropriate incentives and adequate monitoring are key factors for success when disseminating a technology. In order to achieve a sustainable market development and long-lasting impacts, it is necessary to set up independent control mechanisms independent of the financing institutions.
  • There is a limit to the number of cooperating partner organizations that can be effectively monitored. Involving too many partners at the same time may jeopardise effective dissemination, because effective monitoring may no longer be possible.
  • Changing dissemination strategies in the course of a project should only take place after intensive discussion with the artisans and the users to make sure that everyone understands the reasoning behind the change and they are ready not only to accept, but decide favourably by themselves.


Marketing and Financing:

  • There is a need for government or donors to support the responsible partner organisations for at least five (better ten) years. It takes time to overcome old habits and establish new local structures for necessities such as technical and business training, research, promotion, and monitoring activities. The average costs for maintenance services on the other hand should be included in the price of the stove, or there should be set rates for maintenance services.
  • It is more advantageous to offer micro-credit opportunities and longer payment periods than building stoves for free, branding the user as poor and not being able to afford a quality product. Psychologically, it is better to advertise the product as modern, healthy, attractive, something everyone ‘must have’ - and then make sure that it is affordable even for the less wealthy.
  • Independent stove producers, who are known to produce high quality products and have learned to promote it by labelling their products and advertising it, should be able to competitively market their stoves.
  • Saving fuel wood, money and time, and smoke reduction are the most important benefits reported by small businesses like restaurants or bakeries.
  • Many users still lack knowledge of the health benefits of smoke-reduced cooking with an efficient cookstove. Local health services should be involved in spreading this message and health monitoring should be planned and carried out jointly.


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Further Information



References

This article was originally published by GIZ HERA. It is basically based on experiences, lessons learned and information gathered by GIZ cook stove projects. You can find more information about the authors and experts of the original “Cooking Energy Compendium” in the Imprint.

The article on improved cookstoves in Peru was originally published by EnDev Peru in the first issue of the Amaray Magazine - Energising Development Peru published in August 2012 (File:AMARAY N°1 August 2012).

  1. Energy for the Poor: Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals, DFID (August 2002), http://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/bs/JEPP/energyforthepoor.pdf
  2. 2020 Tracking SDG7 Report Chapter 2 on Clean Cooking https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/03-sdg7-chapter2-accesstocleanfuelsandtech4cooking.pdf
  3. Global Alliance of Clean Cooking, https://tinyurl.com/SDGcooking


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