Namibia Energy Situation

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Namibia
Flag of Namibia.png
Location _______.png

Capital:

Windhoek

Region:

Coordinates:

22.5700° S, 17.0861° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

824,290

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

2,604,172 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

45 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

12,351,024,844 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

4,742.78 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

56.20 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

74.44 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

66.72 (2014)

Source: World Bank




Introduction

Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.


Namibia's Energy Profile Map (Lund & Mabirizi, 2017)


Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Namibia's top energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity, and imported coal[1]. The country's own internal resources supply less than one-third of its needed energy requirements[2]


Namibia has high potential for solar, wind and biomass generation[1]. Invade bush is widely spread in the country's northern parts, which allows a large scale bioenergy-based production capacity[3][1].


Invader bush protected area in Namibia


The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production[3].


Energy Access

There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access)[4][5].


Namibia's total electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SD7, 2019)


Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)


Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)


According to the REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.[6]


So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.[7]


Production

Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018[8]
Source Unit 2000 2005 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Charcoal Kt 72 102 135 145 161 161 161 163
Hydroelectricity GWh 1380 1658 1227 1485 1502 1396 1416 1436
Electricity GWh 1414 1709 1300 1517 1555 1505 1530 1557


Installed Capacity

Namibia's total energy supply from different sources (IEA, 2019)


Consumption

Namibia's average consumption rate surpasses 3000 GWh/year, while its generation capacity is around 1305 GWh/year[1]. Therefore, there is a supply gap, which is covered by importing power from South-Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique[1].


Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018[8]
Source Unit 2000 2005 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Coal Kt 0 0 26 161 179 181 184 186
Oil Kt 400 460 815 913 1195 1770 1868 1994
Natural Gas TJ 0 722 2925 3866 6390 6099 6233 6383
Electricity GWh 2078 9079 10536 11724 11358 11384 12244 13203


Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector[1].


Namibia's total final energy consumption of different resources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)


Import and Export

Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018[8]
Year 2000 2005 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Imported Oil Capacity (Kt) 534 501 1337 1024 1171 1941 2098 2283


Namibia's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)


Namibia's coal imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)


Electricity

Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:

  • the 240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana,
  • the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek,
  • the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,
  • the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. [2].

The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.

The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.


Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016[4]

Production Consumption Exports Imports Installed Generation
Capacity 1.403 billion kWh 3.891 billion kWh 88 million kWh 3.073 billion kWh 535,500 kW
World Ranking 145 128 83 50 146


Namibia's generated electricity from different fuels 1990-2016


28% of Namibia's generated electricity come from fossil fuels, while 64% are from hydropower, and about 8% come from renewables[4].


Energy Security


Renewable Energy

Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.[9]


General Indicators

Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018[10]
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Capacity 244 245 248 342 345 347 357 384 394 431


Namibia's renewable energy share of the total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)


Namibia's renewable energy consumption rates by source during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)


Solar

The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation[1][2]. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m2/year, with a cover of minimum clouds[1][2]. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 kWh/m2/year[1]. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants[1].


Namibia's most common PV technology application is solar PV-based pumping, which is mainly used in cattle farms[1]. Secondary solar applications in the country would be rural electrification, powering radios, lighting, TVs, and fans[3].


Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018[10]
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Capacity 4 4 7 11 15 16 27 36 46 79


The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).


Hydropower

Hydropower is the country's major source for electricity generation, particularly, the Ruacana hydroelectric power station (330 MW)[3].


Namibia's Ruacana Power Station


Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018[10]
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Capacity 240 240 240 330 330 330 330 347 347 347


Namibia's hydroelectric power generation 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)


Bioenergy

EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.


Fossil Fuels

Oil

Liquid fuels in general, and oil in particular are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors[11]. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy)[11].


Namibia's final consumption of oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)


Coal

Namibia uses coal solely for generating electricity, thus through the country's only coal-powered station (Van Eck Power Station)[11]. All the coal used in Namibia is imported, and it mostly comes from South-Africa[11].


Key Problems of the Energy Sector

For Namibia to develop its energy sector and achieve energy security for the decades to come, some challenges need to be mitigated and handled properly at the first place, from which some are listed below[12][2]:

  1. The needed technology and engineering skills in the country are limited and underdeveloped.
  2. The foreign investment in the country's energy sector is very limited.
  3. The country lacks both incentives and national targets for developing and improving its energy sector.
  4. No national investments have been carried out during the past 3-4 decades, neither for developing the energy sector, nor for improving and increasing the country's electricity generation capacity.
  5. The local electricity tariffs, when compared to other nations in the region, are considered to be on the low level.
  6. The high cost of energy supply.
  7. The continuous droughts, which decrease the water dispatch in the Ruacana Station (Namibia's main energy supplier), consequently, the energy sector is more often incapable of meeting electric demand.


Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations[13] [14]


YEAR
POLICY
1998 White paper on Energy Policy
2006 IPP Market Framework
2007 Electricity Act, 2007
2007 (to be updated) Off-Grid Energization Master Plan OGEMP

2010

Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010)
2011
National Policy on Climate Change
2015
National Connection Charge Policy

2015

Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC (INDC)
2017

Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017

2016
Electricity SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF
2017
National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017
2017
Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill


Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector[13] [14]

National Government

Regulatory Authority and Government Agencies

  • The Electricity Control Board(ECB)wasestablishedin2000. Its role is to regulateelectricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export in Namibia through setting tariffs and issuing licenses.
  • The National Technical Committee on Renewable Energy (NTCRE)of the Natiional Standards Institute (NSI): develops norms, standards and codes of practice for the performance, manufacture, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. In 2006 it issued a Code of Practice and Register of Products and a list of approved technologies and suppliers.
  • Namibia Investment Centre (NIC):with the major responsibility of promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).
  • The National Planning Commission is responsible for planning national priorities and ensuring that climate change considerations are properly reflected in sector plans and budgetary allocations.

Power Producers

On grid (Government)

On-grid (IPP)

Off-grid

  • NamPower is a state-owned enterprise that reports to the MME. It owns and operates most of the country’s grid generation and all of the transmission assets as well as some distribution facilities in the rural areas of central and southern Namibia. As system operator and trader, NamPower has the important role of balancing supply and demand and is the contracting party for imports.
  • Regional Electricity Distributors(REDs): REDs are state-owned legal entities tasked with the supply and distribution of electricity in a dedicated region.
    •  NORED (covering the far northern part of the country)
    •  CENORED (covering the central-northern part of the country stretching to the Caprivi Strip comprising the Otjozondjupa and Kunene regions)
    • ERONGORED (covering the central coastal region to the west of the country including Walvis Bay and Swakopmund)
    • Central RED (not yet operationalas of 2017)
    • Southern RED (not yet operational yetas of 2017)
    • City of Windhoek (not a RED per se but retains all the functions of one 
  • At least 14 IPPs have been selected under the REFIT. (only 11 are operational. Mar 2019)
    • Omburu Solar PV
    • Ejuva One and Two: 5MW solar power plants with annual generation capacity of 25.8GWh.[13]
    • 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (CBEND)
  • 3 Mini-grids:
    • Gam Solar PV
    • Tsumkwe
    • and Gobabeb (NAMA, 2015, p. 40 gives the key data on the 3 mini-grids)


Banks

  • Kongalend (micro-lender, Kongalend works in partnership with technology suppliers and technicians). They lend to individuals and SMEs for renewable energy at an interest rate of up to 15.6% only after verifcation of formal income.
  • Development Bank of Namibia (provides finance to larger scale IPPs)
  • Bank Windheok
  • First National Bank (Individual loans are available through First National Bank (FNB), South African based, for the installation of renewable energy in homes.)
  • RMB Bank
  • SME Bank (suspended involvement in EIF due to irregularities of SME Bank, see EEP p.65))
  • Standard Bank
  • AgriBank


Private sector

There are about 50 solar technology companies.[14] „The number of local, established renewable energy companies in Namibia is low. Most companies focus on project development, engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) activities and installation of photovoltaic and solar thermal solutions. The established, local companies, some of which have been active in the field of renewable energies for more than 10 years, generally have sound know-how and technical understanding. As there is no formal training in the field of renewable energies in Namibia, employees are individually trained by the companies. Thus, the quality and the level of education of local companies and specialists can vary considerably.“[15]


D-Lab’s Off-Grid Energy Groupprovides aggregat ed information about solar lighting products:Products and Distributors by Country: information sheets containing information on products available in a given country.

They list 4Namibian Distributors with email, two of them from South Africa(13 April, 2017)

  • 1) Restio Energy , South Africa
  • 2) Solar Works!, South Africa
  • 3) SolarAge Namibia, Namibia
  • 4) TOTAL Awango Namibia


online available information about private companies:


Associations/Research institutions

Renewable Energy Industry Association of Namibia (REIAoN)

  • Renewable Energy Industry Association of Namibia. Fifty members focus on solar energy and three on wind. This list is used for the basis of the EIF programme which provides credit to end users to purchase and install RE products.[13] (No activities on their webpage since 2015.)

Other associations

  • Association of consultant Engineers of Namibia
  • Namibia Manufacturers Association
  • Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry


Namibia Energy Institute (NEI)

  • Formally known as theRenewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute (REEEI),itwas established by the Government within the Polytechnic of Namibia in 2006. It is disseminating research and information about renewable energy as well as providing technical assistance to the MME inthe implementation of renewable energy projects and programmes including addressing barriers to renewable energy development.
  • The National Energy Institute (NEI), operating under the Namibia University of Science and Technology, has the mandate to undertake research, development, capacity building and awareness creation in the energy field, including energy efficiency.
  • They have 4 Centres: CREEE (for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency), CES for Electricity Supply, CPOG for Petrolleum, Oil and Gas and CNS for Nuclear Siences.

Since 2006, several projects are/were implemented:

  • Scoping Study for OGMP
  • Status of Energy Report
  • CSP feasibility study (50-100 MW)
  • large PV regulations for procurement
  • regulatory framework for netmetering
  • NEEP in Buildings
  • SOLTRAIN solar thermal training and demonstration initiative
  • National Integrated Resource Plan
  • SACREEE
  • EU REDCROSS Promoting Renewable Energy for Climate Change Mitigation Initiative in Namibia (implemented from March 2017 to April 2019 to communities in Kavango East and West regions; close to 300 households benefitted from the project and that two solar-powered boreholes were constructed in Mayana and Sharukwe community gardens.)


Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN)

The Desert Research Foundation of Namibia was established to support research but also to address sustainable development throughout arid lands. The DRFN tackles issues ranging from water to energy to land from a human and a basic biophysical perspective, as well as undertaking awareness and capacity building necessary to support this approach.



Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

NGOs

Elephant Energy Trust

Elephant Energy has worked with partners including the Peace Corps and World Teach to identify schools in the north eastern and central regions of Namibia that are in need of lighting resources and can act as reliable stewards of the libraries for years to come.  Thus far, EE has distributed more than 800 lights allowing 6,500 learners access to light. Elephant Energy has more than 40 Sales Agents through Namibia. https://www.elephantenergy.org/v2-sales-agents

Citizen Trust

(no information about them yet)

Donor Involvement

„There is not a great deal of donor related activity being implemented in Namibia, with the exception of the regional programmes being implemented. KfW Bank, AfDB and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) are providing large-scale fi-nancing and the UNDP, World Bank and GIZ are involved in the development of energy resources for Namibia. GIZ is particularly focused on developing biomass using the invader bush that has proved to be a hindrance for Namibian farmers. The EU has supported some projects under its climate change programme and supports the installation of solar water pumps for farmers.“[13]

Implications for the Theory of Change: „Small-scale IPP projects are bankable despite the lack of government guarantees due to a general market confi-dence in the stability of Nampower and the government. However, currency fluctuations and the devaluation of the Rand appear to affect private sector willingness to take loans geared to foreign currency. The continued expansion of small-scale, renewable projects may not be promoted by ECB in the short term due to difficulties in managing the variable supply from renewable energy IPPs and the current supply infrastructure. Developing bankable off-grid projects is challenging in Namibia due to the absence of an economy of scale. There is potential in peri-urban areas, which would then satisfy the TOC however this would require a change of regulation to allow for the direct distribution to local customers. Rent-to-own business models, such as those of Mobisol and Off:Grid Electric may be more suited to this context, although there may need to be guarantees in place if the grid were to be extended to these areas.“[13]



Past and current involvement of donors

(List is still not sorted)

Funding by...

Current projects

Past involvement

Information

AFD

0 on their homepage


1 Grid project

„Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Energy Finance Fund“

„Namibia’s second-largest lender, Bank Windhoek last November issued a green bond on the Namibia Stock Exchange to fund renewable energy projects. It’s also financing projects as implementing partner of the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Energy Finance Fund, which was established by the French Development Agency.“

  • Bank support to energy infrastructure will include the Kudu Gas Power Project.[16]
  • Zimbabwe-Zambia-Botswana-Namibia Interconnector

Finnland (embassy)


Solar water project

the first of what’s expected to be a series of 100% solar-powered desalination systems developed by Finland’s Solar Water Solutions along the beach line adjacent to the University of Namibia’s Henties Bay campus. A joint development initiative on the part of the University of Namibia and Finland’s University of Turku, which funded the project for an approximate cost of around 3.2 Namibian dollars (~USD212,000).

Finnish Embassy’s Local Cooperation Fund.


Energy Shops

The cost of the three-year pilot phase of implementation of the Energy Shops was estimated at N$7,603,000 (DRFN 2008), including the cost of short-term consultancy (N$1,085,000), and the annual funding for the implementing agency, the awareness campaign, the Solar Revolving Fund, and the equipment for the first 20 Level 1 Energy Shops (N$6,518,000).

Evaluation of the first phase: see p. 44 in NAMA 2015

WEF, WB, IFC, ADB, IRENA

Namibia and Botswana’s five-gigawatt solar power development partnership


Namibia and Botswana’s five-gigawatt solar power development partnership with WEF’s Global Future Council on Energy will be carried out in multiple phases over the course of the next 20 years and leverage the collective expertise and resources of the organizations involved. From the Global Future Council on Energy’s side, that includes the World Bank Group, the International Finance Corp., the African Development Bank, the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and Power for Africa.

GCF

www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp023

2016-2022





Proposal: „to provide rural crop males and females farmers with alternative sustainable access to off-grid solar energy technologies (water pumping for small-scale micro horticultural systems, and refrigeration for harvested food) and reduce the dependency of increasingly expensive (and environmentally unfriendly) imported fuels by promoting solar water pumping in the agricultural sector.“

„Some piloting activities have already been carried out with government support, such as at Tsumkwe with off-grid solar village connection. To date, there are no major renewable energy pilots in the CRAVE project targeted areas. In the three target regions, there is a huge need to improve SSF access to clean energy sources to enable them to improve their production activities, especially for agricultural water pumping services.“

Outcome 3.1 Alternative sustainable access for off-grid solar energy technologies widely promoted, adopted and applied (in the three targeted regions) (SSHF and SSF) Output 3.1 Solar Water Pumping for Agriculture

EEP Africa Project Portfolio 2019

Wast to energy, on-grid project


Doranova Finnish company; waste to energy- biogas 400 kW pilot project, on-grid in Ondangwe

USAID

since March 2017


Southern Africa Energy Program (SAEP) provides technical assistance support to various public and private stakeholders, including ECB, NamPower, and the Ministry of Mines and Energy related to five outcomes: Improved Regulation, Planning, and Procurement for Energy; Improved Commercial Viability of Utilities; Improved Regional Harmonization and Cross-Border Trade; Scaled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; and Increased Human and Institutional Expertise.

USAID-SAEP.pdf

WB: Additional Financing for SAPP AREP Program - MDTF



Relevant for energy access?

https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P163545

Adaptation Fund

Water desalination plants, since 2018, 4 years


Namibia Pilot rural desalination plants using renewable power and membrane technology, via Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (NamWater)
https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/pilot-rural-desalination-plants-using-renewable/
Desert Research Foundation of Namibia USD4,999,6744,33

UK Aid

?

X

(for development of a climate financing strategy and programme)

Turkey, Finland

?

X

(both to address bush encroachment)

Germany

?

X

  • GIZas been very active in promiting the use of invader bush.
  • "GIZ focuses on the management of natural resources, transport, sustainable economic development and provides technical assistance in the fieldsof basic education and health. KfW provides assistance in energy, transport, water, education and health." [16]
USA

Millennium Challenge Corporation


MCC’s support focuses on education, tourism, health and livestock.[16]

China

"China is now Namibia’s third largest provider of bilateral development assistanceand has invested in a number of sectors, including construction and mining."[16]

EU

The European Union(EU) is focusing on basic infrastructure (water, sanitation and roads), human resources development (education and health) and governance[16]

Cheetah Conservation Fund

Bushblok project


Wood briquettes


Energy For Future

Bush-to-Fuel Project


Wood chips for cement plant

?

CBEND project


A 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (proof of concept; Namibias first IPP)

Q&L (funding by EEP)

Thermal heat plant


Hot water supply for brewery.

Elephant Energy

Rent-to-own model for SHSs



Pilot cookstove project by EEP

Dissimination of stoves by SMEs in rural areas









Climate Financing

"The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has been the biggest and most consistent donor in Namibia’s Climate Environment Energy fraternity. As mentioned in section 2.2, Germany has been the mainstay bilateral donor for CEE since Namibia’s Independence. The following CEE projects are active:

Namibia National Parks Programme (US$4.2m); Biodiversity Management and Climate Change (US$7.5m); Resource Mobilisation for Effective Implementation of the Updated Biodiversity Strategy (US$3.13m);Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation (US$12.5m); Support to Land Reform Beneficiaries (US$2.5m); Adaptation of agriculture to climate change in northern Namibia (US$7.5m); Community-based natural resource management (US$6.25m); SDG initiative (US$3.75m); Conservation and sustainable use of the Benguela Current large marine ecosystem (US$11m); Transboundary water management in SADC (US$17.76m); Sector support to combat desertification (US$7.9m) and transboundary conservation and use of natural resources in SADC (US$10m)."[17]

The Annex 11: Namibia’s energy generation and access situation – financing and investments lists a total investement of 101,426,307 USD by 5 private entities, 2 state-owned entities (larges share by the Development Bank of Namibia) and the micro-medium lender Kongalend.[17]




Further Information




References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. Retrieved from: https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Von Oertzen, D. (2010). Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation. Retrieved from: https://www.undpcc.org/docs/National%20issues%20papers/Energy%20(mitigation)/15_Namibia%20NIP_energy%20mitigation.pdf
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