Namibia Energy Situation

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Namibia

Capital:

Windhoek

Region:

Sub-Saharan Africa

Coordinates:

22.5700° S, 17.0861° E

Total Area (km²): It includes a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.

824,290

Population: It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin.

2,604,172 (2023)

Rural Population (% of total population): It refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

45 (2023)

GDP (current US$): It is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

12,351,024,844 (2023)

GDP Per Capita (current US$): It is gross domestic product divided by midyear population

4,742.78 (2023)

Access to Electricity (% of population): It is the percentage of population with access to electricity.

56.20 (2022)

Energy Imports Net (% of energy use): It is estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

74.44 (2014)

Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption (% of total): It comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.

66.72 (2014)

Source: World Bank

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Introduction

Namibia lies in the southern part of the African continent. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola to the north, Zambia to the north-east, Botswana to the east, and South-Africa to both south-east & south.

Namibia's Energy Profile Map (Lund & Mabirizi, 2017)

Energy Situation

Overview of the Country's Energy Sources

Namibia's top energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity, and imported coal. The country's own internal resources supply less than one-third of its needed energy requirements. 

Namibia has high potential for solar, wind and biomass generation. Invade bush is widely spread in the country's northern parts, which allows a large scale bioenergy-based production capacity.

Invader bush protected area in Namibia

The country is also on the top 10 listed countries, which are in possession of uranium resources worldwide, and it solely supplies about 8.2% of the global uranium production.

Energy Access

There are around 1 million Namibians lack access to electricity, which means that almost half of the country is without access at all (~53% has access & ~47% has no access).

Namibia's total electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SD7, 2019)

Namibia's urban electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

Namibia's rural electricity access 1990-2017 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

According to the REN21-SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (2018), the challenge in Namibia is to provide electricity access to the 79% of the rural and sparse population that does not have access by establishing feasible and maintainable off-grid solutions. The Rural Electricity Distribution Masterplan 2010 prioritises 2,879 rural localities to be electrified in the next 20 years and identifies 27 localities for off-grid electrification (including via renewables); however, implementation has been limited.

So far the country has developed several pilot mini-grids, including three off-grid systems: Gobabeb, Tsumkwe Mini Grid and Gam Solar PV Mini Grid. In rural and remote areas where neither the main grid nor mini- grids are available, consumers depend on stand-alone electricity sources, mainly diesel generators. The use of solar technologies has been increasing, and hybrid solar/diesel systems have proved to be technically sound off-grid solutions.

Production

Table: Namibia's Total Energy Production from Different Sources 2000-2018

Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Charcoal	Kt	72	102	135	145	161	161	161	163
Hydroelectricity	GWh	1380	1658	1227	1485	1502	1396	1416	1436
Electricity	GWh	1414	1709	1300	1517	1555	1505	1530	1557

Installed Capacity

Namibia's total energy supply from different sources (IEA, 2019)

Consumption

Namibia's average consumption rate surpasses 3000 GWh/year, while its generation capacity is around 1305 GWh/year. Therefore, there is a supply gap, which is covered by importing power from South-Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique.

Table: Namibia's Final Energy Consumption of Different Sources 2000-2018

Source	Unit	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Coal	Kt	0	0	26	161	179	181	184	186
Oil	Kt	400	460	815	913	1195	1770	1868	1994
Natural Gas	TJ	0	722	2925	3866	6390	6099	6233	6383
Electricity	GWh	2078	9079	10536	11724	11358	11384	12244	13203

Most of the final consumed energy goes to the country's transport sector.

Namibia's total final energy consumption of different resources 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Import and Export

Table: Namibia's Oil Products' Imports 2000-2018

Year	2000	2005	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Imported Oil Capacity (Kt)	534	501	1337	1024	1171	1941	2098	2283

Namibia's net energy imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Namibia's coal imports 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Electricity

Namibia's generated electricity comes mainly from:

• the 240 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Kunene river in Ruacana,
  
• the 120 MW van Eck coal-powered plant north of Windhoek,
  
• the Paratus 24 MW heavy fuel-oil powered plant in Walvis Bay,
  
• the 5.78 MW solar plant in Trekkopje in the Erongo region. .
  

​The Ruacana hydrowpower plant is a run‐of‐river station. The amount of power generated depends on the water flows from Angola. In case of insufficient flows, power generation is low.

The installed electrical generation capacity is insufficient to meet the demand for electricity. Therefore, Namibia is importing large amounts of electricity from neighboring countries mainly South-Africa. The crossborder transmission lines have a capacity of 600 MW. Another transmission line is presently built, extending the transmission system to Zambia and Zimbabwe and will have another additional capacity of 600 MW.

Table: Namibia's Electricity's General Indicators 2015-2016

	Production	Consumption	Exports	Imports	Installed Generation
Capacity	1.403 billion kWh	3.891 billion kWh	88 million kWh	3.073 billion kWh	535,500 kW
World Ranking	145	128	83	50	146

Namibia's generated electricity from different fuels 1990-2016

28% of Namibia's generated electricity come from fossil fuels, while 64% are from hydropower, and about 8% come from renewables.

Renewable Energy

Non-electricity off-grid renewable energy projects include the small/ micro wind energy installations used for water pumping, which are very common in Namibia, especially on farms. This technology has been used successfully for decades, with about 30,000 wind- driven water pumps installed in the country as of 2005; however, the current trend is to replace these with solar energy sources.

General Indicators

Table: Namibia's Total Renewable Energy Capacity (MW) 2009-2018

Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	244	245	248	342	345	347	357	384	394	431

Namibia's renewable energy share of the total final consumption 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

Namibia's renewable energy consumption rates by source during 2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2019)

Solar

The solar conditions in the Namibian region are to be considered of the best worldwide for solar generation. The country's average high direct solar insolation is 2200 kWh/m²/year, with a cover of minimum clouds. The southern region of Namibia experiences -on average- 11 hours of sunshine/day, and an average direct solar radiation of 3000 kWh/m2/year. With these conditions, Namibia has a huge potential for installing solar water heaters, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants.

Namibia's most common PV technology application is solar PV-based pumping, which is mainly used in cattle farms. Secondary solar applications in the country would be rural electrification, powering radios, lighting, TVs, and fans.

Namibia's Installed Solar Capacity (MW) 2009-2018

Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	4	4	7	11	15	16	27	36	46	79

The Solar Revolving Fund under the Ministry of Mines and Energy continues to subsidise stand-alone solar systems for individual household use: between 2015 and 2017, it financed some 1,600 solar systems (water heaters, pumps and solar home systems).

Hydropower

Hydropower is the country's major source for electricity generation, particularly, the Ruacana hydroelectric power station (330 MW).

Namibia's Ruacana Power Station

Table: Namibia's Total Hydropower Capacity (MW) 2009-2018

Year	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Capacity	240	240	240	330	330	330	330	347	347	347

Namibia's hydroelectric power generation 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Bioenergy

EEP Africa supported a very successful biomass energy project that is harvesting invader bush – which covers substantial areas of northern Namibia – for use in a steam boiler. The project, Combating Bush Encroachment for Namibia’s Development, has installed a 250 kW bush-to electricity gasification pilot power plant on a commercial farm in the heavily bush-infested Otavi area. The plant, which was not yet operational as of mid-2018, is considered as a proof-of-concept project to determine the financial feasibility of this approach, assess the robustness of the technology and establish Namibia’s first IPP.

Fossil Fuels

Oil

Liquid fuels in general, and oil in particular are widely used in Namibia's both household and industrial sectors. Diesel and petroleum are the most used liquid fuels in the country, especially in the transport sector (~63% of Namibia's total consumed energy).

Namibia's final consumption of oil and oil products 1990-2016 (IEA, 2019)

Coal

Namibia uses coal solely for generating electricity, thus through the country's only coal-powered station (Van Eck Power Station). All the coal used in Namibia is imported, and it mostly comes from South-Africa.

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

For Namibia to develop its energy sector and achieve energy security for the decades to come, some challenges need to be mitigated and handled properly at the first place, from which some are listed below:

1. The needed technology and engineering skills in the country are limited and underdeveloped.
2. The foreign investment in the country's energy sector is very limited.
3. The country lacks both incentives and national targets for developing and improving its energy sector.
4. No national investments have been carried out during the past 3-4 decades, neither for developing the energy sector, nor for improving and increasing the country's electricity generation capacity.
5. The local electricity tariffs, when compared to other nations in the region, are considered to be on the low level.
6. The high cost of energy supply.
7. The continuous droughts, which decrease the water dispatch in the Ruacana Station (Namibia's main energy supplier), consequently, the energy sector is more often incapable of meeting electric demand.

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

YEAR	POLICY
1998	White paper on Energy Policy
2006	IPP Market Framework
2007	Electricity Act, 2007
2007 (to be updated)	Off-Grid Energization Master Plan OGEMP
2010	Rural Electrification Master Plan (2010)
2011	National Policy on Climate Change
2015	National Connection Charge Policy
2015	Namibia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC (INDC)
2017	Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf National Energy Policy - July 2017
2016	Electricity SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 REPORT.PDF
2017	National Renewable Energy Policy - July 2017
2017	Namibia Energy Regulatory Authority Bill

Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector

National Government

• The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME):regulates the energy and mining resources, also responsible for rural electrification.
• The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET):has the mandate to advance climate change activities in Namibia
• The Ministry of Finance(MoF): provides funding for, e.g., the Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), which supports NGOs, SMEs and local governments.
• The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI):has a depratment to enhance Foreign Direct Investments.

Regulatory Authority and Government Agencies

• The Electricity Control Board(ECB)wasestablishedin2000. Its role is to regulateelectricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export in Namibia through setting tariffs and issuing licenses.
• The National Technical Committee on Renewable Energy (NTCRE)of the Natiional Standards Institute (NSI): develops norms, standards and codes of practice for the performance, manufacture, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. In 2006 it issued a Code of Practice and Register of Products and a list of approved technologies and suppliers.
  • List of energy related Standards (Nov 2019)

• Namibia Investment Centre (NIC):with the major responsibility of promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment).
• The National Planning Commission is responsible for planning national priorities and ensuring that climate change considerations are properly reflected in sector plans and budgetary allocations.

Power Producers

On grid (Government)	On-grid (IPP)	Off-grid
NamPower is a state-owned enterprise that reports to the MME. It owns and operates most of the country’s grid generation and all of the transmission assets as well as some distribution facilities in the rural areas of central and southern Namibia. As system operator and trader, NamPower has the important role of balancing supply and demand and is the contracting party for imports. Regional Electricity Distributors(REDs): REDs are state-owned legal entities tasked with the supply and distribution of electricity in a dedicated region.  NORED (covering the far northern part of the country)  CENORED (covering the central-northern part of the country stretching to the Caprivi Strip comprising the Otjozondjupa and Kunene regions) ERONGORED (covering the central coastal region to the west of the country including Walvis Bay and Swakopmund) Central RED (not yet operationalas of 2017) Southern RED (not yet operational yetas of 2017) City of Windhoek (not a RED per se but retains all the functions of one	At least 14 IPPs have been selected under the REFIT. (only 11 are operational. Mar 2019) Omburu Solar PV Ejuva One and Two: 5MW solar power plants with annual generation capacity of 25.8GWh. 250 kW bush-to-electricity power plant on a commercial farm in the Otavi area (CBEND)	3 Mini-grids: Gam Solar PV Tsumkwe and Gobabeb (NAMA, 2015, p. 40 gives the key data on the 3 mini-grids)

Banks

• Namibia | African Development Bank
  • AFDB 2014-2018 - Namibia - Country Strategy Paper

• Kongalend (micro-lender, Kongalend works in partnership with technology suppliers and technicians). They lend to individuals and SMEs for renewable energy at an interest rate of up to 15.6% only after verifcation of formal income.
• Development Bank of Namibia (provides finance to larger scale IPPs)
• Bank Windheok
• First National Bank (Individual loans are available through First National Bank (FNB), South African based, for the installation of renewable energy in homes.)
• RMB Bank
• SME Bank (suspended involvement in EIF due to irregularities of SME Bank, see EEP p.65))
• Standard Bank
• AgriBank

Private sector

There are about 50 solar technology companies. „The number of local, established renewable energy companies in Namibia is low. Most companies focus on project development, engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) activities and installation of photovoltaic and solar thermal solutions. The established, local companies, some of which have been active in the field of renewable energies for more than 10 years, generally have sound know-how and technical understanding. As there is no formal training in the field of renewable energies in Namibia, employees are individually trained by the companies. Thus, the quality and the level of education of local companies and specialists can vary considerably.“

• officialList Of Approved & Registered Installers And Suppliers(40 PV installers, 14 solar thermal installers, 47 RE installers with phone number and email addresses)

D-Lab’s Off-Grid Energy Groupprovides aggregat ed information about solar lighting products:Products and Distributors by Country: information sheets containing information on products available in a given country.

They list 4Namibian Distributors with email, two of them from South Africa(13 April, 2017)

• 1) Restio Energy , South Africa
• 2) Solar Works!, South Africa
• 3) SolarAge Namibia, Namibia
• 4) TOTAL Awango Namibia

online available information about private companies:

• Home Solar Solutions Supplier | Taatisolar Namibia (2 shops)
  
• LSN – A Renewable Energy Company focused on Solar Technology(693 Happy Clients, 1325 kWp Installed Capacity, 3284642 kWh’s Generated)
• Solar Age cc.(since 2017 new management: https://www.facebook.com/Solar-Age-CC-140386303385036/ )
• SolarLink
• Sunrise Solar Solutions CC - Home | Facebook
• NamSolar Namibia Solar Solutions
  
• africanenergy.com in namibia-installers/
• Solsquare Namibia
• Continental Solar Warehouse
• Ellies Renewable Energy Windhoek
• HopSol
• O&L Energy Ohlthaver & List Group is the largest private Namibian company group.
• Woermann & BrockThe leading Namibian supermarkets group with branches across the country. With solar installations on their facilities.
• Solar-Saver | Rent the Sun(since 2016 rooftop solar photovoltaic systems; Stimulus Investments has invested in 2018; “Our current rental portfolio includes 46 solar PV systems, with clients ranging from retailers to fuel stations, hospitals and many other businesses. Demand for our offering has been tremendous, and our project pipeline should see us commissioning further 60 PV systems this year,” said Tim Frankish, one of the shareholders and directors of Solar-Saver. 2018)

Associations/Research institutions

Renewable Energy Industry Association of Namibia (REIAoN)

• Renewable Energy Industry Association of Namibia. Fifty members focus on solar energy and three on wind. This list is used for the basis of the EIF programme which provides credit to end users to purchase and install RE products. (No activities on their webpage since 2015.)

Other associations

• Association of consultant Engineers of Namibia
• Namibia Manufacturers Association
• Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Namibia Energy Institute (NEI)

• Formally known as theRenewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Institute (REEEI),itwas established by the Government within the Polytechnic of Namibia in 2006. It is disseminating research and information about renewable energy as well as providing technical assistance to the MME inthe implementation of renewable energy projects and programmes including addressing barriers to renewable energy development.
• The National Energy Institute (NEI), operating under the Namibia University of Science and Technology, has the mandate to undertake research, development, capacity building and awareness creation in the energy field, including energy efficiency.
• They have 4 Centres: CREEE (for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency), CES for Electricity Supply, CPOG for Petrolleum, Oil and Gas and CNS for Nuclear Siences.

Since 2006, several projects are/were implemented:

• Scoping Study for OGMP
  
• Status of Energy Report
• CSP feasibility study (50-100 MW)
• large PV regulations for procurement
• regulatory framework for netmetering
• NEEP in Buildings
• SOLTRAIN solar thermal training and demonstration initiative
• National Integrated Resource Plan
• SACREEE
• EU REDCROSS Promoting Renewable Energy for Climate Change Mitigation Initiative in Namibia (implemented from March 2017 to April 2019 to communities in Kavango East and West regions; close to 300 households benefitted from the project and that two solar-powered boreholes were constructed in Mayana and Sharukwe community gardens.)

Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN)

The Desert Research Foundation of Namibia was established to support research but also to address sustainable development throughout arid lands. The DRFN tackles issues ranging from water to energy to land from a human and a basic biophysical perspective, as well as undertaking awareness and capacity building necessary to support this approach.

Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations

NGOs

Elephant Energy Trust

Elephant Energy has worked with partners including the Peace Corps and World Teach to identify schools in the north eastern and central regions of Namibia that are in need of lighting resources and can act as reliable stewards of the libraries for years to come.  Thus far, EE has distributed more than 800 lights allowing 6,500 learners access to light. Elephant Energy has more than 40 Sales Agents through Namibia. https://www.elephantenergy.org/v2-sales-agents

Citizen Trust

(no information about them yet)

Other Donors

„There is not a great deal of donor related activity being implemented in Namibia, with the exception of the regional programmes being implemented. KfW Bank, AfDB and the Green Climate Fund (GCF) are providing large-scale fi-nancing and the UNDP, World Bank and GIZ are involved in the development of energy resources for Namibia. GIZ is particularly focused on developing biomass using the invader bush that has proved to be a hindrance for Namibian farmers. The EU has supported some projects under its climate change programme and supports the installation of solar water pumps for farmers.“

Implications for the Theory of Change: „Small-scale IPP projects are bankable despite the lack of government guarantees due to a general market confi-dence in the stability of Nampower and the government. However, currency fluctuations and the devaluation of the Rand appear to affect private sector willingness to take loans geared to foreign currency. The continued expansion of small-scale, renewable projects may not be promoted by ECB in the short term due to difficulties in managing the variable supply from renewable energy IPPs and the current supply infrastructure. Developing bankable off-grid projects is challenging in Namibia due to the absence of an economy of scale. There is potential in peri-urban areas, which would then satisfy the TOC however this would require a change of regulation to allow for the direct distribution to local customers. Rent-to-own business models, such as those of Mobisol and Off:Grid Electric may be more suited to this context, although there may need to be guarantees in place if the grid were to be extended to these areas.“

Further Information

• Partnership Ready Namibia: Renewable energy, GIZ Global Business Network (GBN) Programme Jan 2020; Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/GBN_Sector Brief_Namibia_RenewableEnergy_E_WEB.pdf
• Blimpo, Moussa P., and Malcolm Cosgrove-Davies. 2019. Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Uptake, Reliability, and Complementary Factors for Economic Impact. Africa Development Forum series. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1361-0. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO https://www.afd.fr/sites/afd/files/2019-05-02-38-26/electricity-access-sub-saharan-africa.pdf
• Sourthern Africa Energy Program (SAEP)- December 2019. Power Africa. Example – Better Storage as a RE technology. Tsumkwe plant in Namibia. Documents/Standards Activities/International Standardization/CESP/USAID-SAEP.pdf https://share.ansi.org/Shared Documents/Standards Activities/International Standardization/CESP/USAID-SAEP.pdf
• PROCEEDINGS of the Conference on Solar Power Systems for NamibiaSolar Energy for Rural Development 16 –18 May 2018 http://unam.edu.na/sites/default/files/proceedings_of_spsn_2018_-_presentations.pdf
• Renewable Energy Market Landscape Study covering 15 countries in Southern and East Africa, EEPS&EA, August 2017 https://www.entwicklung.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Regionen/Volume_II_Market_Landscape_-Study_-EEP-SEA_CountryProfiles_StakeholderMaps-1.pdf
• REN21, 2018. SADC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SADC_2018_EN_web.pdf
  
• UNICEF Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in NamibiaFinal Report (2018) https://www.unicef.org/namibia/na.UNICEF_CLAC_Report_August_2018.pdf
• Munyayi, R. Chiguvare, Z. & Ileka, H. (2015). Fact Sheet on: Renewable Energy – Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a More Sustainable Path. https://www.thinknamibia.org.na/files/learn-and-engage/jtBTlZQO-YnHdSkT.pdf
• Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action: Rural Development In Namibia, 2015, and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment and Energy/MDG Carbon Facility/NAMA Final Namibia 2.pdf

• Energy Demand and Forecasting in Namibia: Energy for Economic Development (2013)
  
• Renewable Energy for Rural Development: A Namibian Experience (2012)
• Namibian National Issues Report on the Key Sector of Energy with a Focus on Mitigation (2010)
• Namibia's Energy Future: A Case for Renewables (2012)
• Electricity Supply Industry: National Policy of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in Namibia (2017)
• Namibia's Energy Support Problem: The Epupa Scheme (1997)
• Energy in Namibia - VO CONSULTING.pdf Green Energy in Namibia (2009)
• SECTOR NATIONAL INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (NIRP) 2016 FINAL REPORT.pdf Namibia Electricity Supply Industry: National Integrated Resource Plan Review and Update (2016)
• Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP): Higher Education for Renewable Energy - Country Mapping of Namibia (2015)
• Renewable Energy Policy for the Republic of Namibia.pdf National Renewable Energy Policy for the Republic of Namibia (2016)
• An Empirical Analysis of Energy Demand in Namibia (2005)
• Renewable Energy Transition for a Sustainable Future in Namibia - Master's Thesis (2012)
• Development of Namibian Energy Sector (2013)
• Energy Policy - July 2017.pdf Namibia's National Energy Policy (2017)
• Fact Sheet on Renewable Energy: Shifting Energy Systems in Namibia towards a more Sustainable Path (2015)
• Renewable Energy Market in Namibia (2012)
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP): Namibia Profile (2014)
• Namibia: Rapid Assessment and Gap Analysis
• Namibia: Nine Renewable Energy Projects Connected to Grid (2018)
• Gender and Biomass Energy Conversion in Namibia: A Case Study with Special Reference to GTZ/ProBEC Interventions (2001)
• Solar Thermal Technology Roadmap for Namibia: A Vision of Namibia's Solar Thermal Energy Future
• Supportive Framework Conditions for Mini-Grids Employing Renewable and Hybrid Generation in the SADC Region: Namibia Case Study, Gap Analysis and National Action Plan (2014)
• Harvesting of Encroacher Bush: Compendium of Harvesting Technologies for Encroacher Bush in Namibia (2015)
• Groundwater in Namibia: An Example to the Hydrological Map (2011)
• Policies and Institutions for Assuring Pro-Poor Rural Development and Food Security through Bioenergy Production: Case Studies on Bush-to-Energy and Jatropha in Namibia (2016)
• Bush-to-Electricity in Namibi (2017)
• Solid Biomass Energy in Namibia (2017)
• Namibia Announces $338 Million, 5-Year Renewable-Energy Strategy