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| − | {{SPIS Banner}}{{SPIS Homepagebanner}}
| + | <div class="grid"> <!-- Start grid --> |
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Introduction</span>''' ===
| + | <div class="grid stretch-items"> <!-- Row1--> |
| − | Most water pumps utilized for irrigation purposes worldwide are powered by engines run on fossil fuels (diesel, petrol, gas) or on electricity supplied from the grid. Fossil energy sources are limited and emissions from their utilization have negative climate impacts. At the same time, the electricity supply in many developing countries is often insufficient and unreliable or wholly absent in rural areas. Moreover, prices of solar panels have reduced while the quality has improved. Today, solar pumps for irrigation have become an economical, technical and environmentally viable alternative to conventional pumping systems.
| + | <div class="width-1-3"> |
| − | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS2" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:right; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span> | + | {{Arabic Version|Toolbox on SPIS/ar}} |
| − | <div id="mw-customcollapsible-SPIS2" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | + | </div> |
| − | | + | <div class="width-1-3"> |
| − | However, major hindrance for the uptake of the technology is still a lack of information on solar pumps for irrigation and its relatively high investment costs. The knowledge on the potentials, limitations and risks of Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) is incomplete among policy makers, producers and other stakeholders. For example, SPIS are seldom designed in a way that producer needs and site specific conditions (environmental, agronomic and technical aspects) are comprehensively addressed. Consequently, the potential of the technology is not optimized, or worse, has negative ecological and economic impacts.
| + | {{French Version|Toolbox on SPIS/fr}} |
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| − | [[File:A Solar Array used to Pump Water from the Well.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A solar array used to pump water from the well (source: Lorentz Chili)]]'''This manual provides up-to-date information on the technology and methods of promotion, as well as how to finance SPIS. '''Furthermore it gives insight into how SPIS are designed, set up and maintained. It is accompanied by a set of tools, such as maintenance checklists, data collection guidelines and design calculations. It strives to help find the optimal design of a system, thereby avoiding risks related to system efficiency, financial viability and the unsustainable use of water resources. The manual and tools target stakeholders who advise or finance medium-sized agricultural enterprises. These are '''agricultural (irrigation) extension advisors''' and '''credit officers / risk managers in financing institutions'''. Furthermore the manual support the advisory function of SPIS suppliers, by providing them with a holistic set of knowledge through which they can guide their clients towards a financially and environmentally sound decision.
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| − | The manual follows the course of action involved when giving advice on SPIS for an agricultural enterprise. It consists of this introduction and seven further modules. The modular approach enables the user to pick out specific information relevant to his/her situation. Each module however relates to and supplements the other modules.
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| − | *'''[[SPIS - Get Informed|GET INFORMED]]''' specifies the components and common configurations of a SPIS. Each component is described in detail.
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| − | *'''[[SPIS - Promote + Initiate|PROMOTE & INITIATE]]''' provides important information and tips for someone who wants to promote the SPIS technology in a particular area. It focuses on the analysis of opportunities and risks, the stakeholders involved, as well as promotion strategies and activities.<br/>
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Safeguard Water|SAFEGUARD WATER]]''' focuses on water governance issues and potential negative impacts of (ground-)water depletion through solar pumping.<br/>
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Finance|FINANCE]]''' provides information to financial service providers financing or planning to finance SPIS. The module targets stakeholders at management level who decide on credit policies and loan officers who assess single loan applications for financing SPIS.
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Design|DESIGN]]''' helps to select the suitable system configuration for a specific situation. A substantial set of tools helps to assess site conditions, select and design the appropriate type of SPIS and conduct a simplified financial viability assessment and calculates the detailed financial viability of the producer. <br/>
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Set Up|SET UP]]''' provides information and tools to enable the installation of a SPIS. It focuses on the selection of installers, acceptance and system tests as well as documentation and hand over of the system.
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| − | *'''[[SPIS Maintain|MAINTAIN]]''' elaborates on maintenance plans, the selection of service providers, regular routines and documentation and monitoring.
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| | </div> | | </div> |
| − | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">Module Structure</span>''' ===
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| − | | + | {{Spanish Version|Toolbox on SPIS/es}} |
| − | The modules are all structured uniformly. It starts with the module aim and orientation and a brief description of the relevant process steps. These are processes that are recommended to be considered in a particular order. They are numbered and summarized in a flow diagram at the beginning of each module for easy reference
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| − | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS3" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:right; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span>
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| − | <div id="mw-customcollapsible-SPIS3" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |
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| − | ===== '''Structure of Each Process Step''' =====
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| − | Each step in the process of each module is described on one or two pages. The process step is concluded with an overview of the most relevant aspects:
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| − | *Outcome / products
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| − | *Data requirements;
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| − | *People and stakeholders involved;
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| − | *Important issues to be considered.
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| − | At the end of each module links for further readings and multimedia files are provided. This last page is also used to describe what tools supplement to the module. The tools are available online and users can adapt them to their specific needs.
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| | </div> | | </div> |
| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Content of Modules</span>''' ===
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| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
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| − | | colspan="4;" style="background-color: rgb(153,153,102)" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''I WANT TO'''</span>
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| − | | colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(153,153,102)" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''GIVE ADVISE ON HOW TO'''</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">GET INFORMED</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">PROMOTE + INITIATE</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">SAFEGUARD WATER</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">FINANCE</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">DESIGN</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 57px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">SET UP</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(102,102,102)" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">MAINTAIN</span>
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| − | | colspan="7;" style="background-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); text-align: center;" | PROCESS STEPS
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | [[SPIS Toolbox - The Solar Alternative|The solar alternative]]
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| − | [[SPIS Toolbox - Specifics of Solar Energy|Specifics of solar energy]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1. [[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Opportunities and Risks|Analyze opportunities and risks]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1.[[SPIS Toolbox - Understanding Groundwater|Understanding groundwater]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1. [[SPIS Toolbox - Credit Policy: Analyze Potential|Credit policy : Analyze potential]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1. [[SPIS Toolbox - Collect Data|Collect data on site]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1. [[SPIS Toolbox - Select Suitable Installer|Select a suitable installer]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 1. [[SPIS Toolbox - Establish and Refine Maintenance Plan|Establish and refine maintenance plan]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | [[SPIS Toolbox - Irrigation Principles|Irrigation principles SPIS]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Access to Finance|Analyze access to finance]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Management and Regulation|Analyze water management and regulation]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Credit Policy: Risk Analysis|Credit Policy: Risk analysis]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Agricultural Production Options|Analyze agricultural production options]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Plan Preparation and Installation|Plan site preparation and installation]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Select Suitable Service Provider|Select suitable service provider]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | [[SPIS Toolbox - Solar Generator|1. Solar generator]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Define Target Group and Stakeholders|Define target group and stakeholders]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Analyze Water Extraction|Analyze water extraction]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Credit Policy: Select/develop Suitable Financial Instruments|Credit policy: Select/develop suitable financial instruments]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Determine Water Requirements and Availability|Determine water requirements and availability]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Install|Install]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Implement Maintenance Routines|Implement maintenance routines]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 2. [[SPIS Toolbox - Mounting Structure|Mounting structure]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Define a Promotion Strategy|Define a promotion strategy]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Explore Cooperative Water Governance|Explore cooperative water governance]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Loan Assessment: Determine Financing Volume and Profitability|Loan Assessment: Determine financing volume and profitability]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Select SPIS Configuration|Select SPIS configuration]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Acceptance Test PVP|PVP acceptance test]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Implement and Monitoring|Implement and monitoring]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 3. [[SPIS Toolbox - Controller and Inverter|Controller and inverter]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - Plan and Implement Promotion Activities|Plan and implement promotion activities]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - Review Potential Risks and Impacts|Review potential risks and impacts]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - Loan Assessment: Assess Credit Risk and Collateral|Loan assessment: Assess credit risk and collateral]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - Estimate System Size and Costs|Estimate system size and costs]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - System Test|System Test]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 4. [[SPIS Toolbox - Water Pump|Water Pump]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Secure Follow-up|Secure follow-up]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Adjust Planning and Operation|Adjust planning and operation]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Loan assessment: Adjust Repayment Plan to Cash Flow|Loan assessment: Adjust repayment plan to cash flow]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Assess Financial Viability|Assess financial viability]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Documentation|Documentation]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 5. [[SPIS Toolbox - Monitoring System|Monitoring system]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 7. [[SPIS Toolbox - Pre-select Potential Suppliers|Pre-select potential suppliers]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 7.[[SPIS Toolbox - Hand-over and Training|Hand-over and user training]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 6. [[SPIS Toolbox - Reservoir|Reservoir]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 8. [[SPIS Toolbox - Evaluate Quotations and Assess Quality|Evaluate quotations and assess quality]]<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 7. [[SPIS Toolbox - Irrigation Head|Irrigation head]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 9. [[SPIS Toolbox - Contract Supplier|Contract supplier]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 8. [[SPIS Toolbox - Fertigation System|Fertigation system]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | 9. [[SPIS Toolbox - Irrigation System|Irrigation system]]
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| − | | colspan="7;" style="background-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); text-align: center;" | PROCESS STEPS
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | [[:file:PROMOTE 01-SPIS Rapid Assessment.docx|PROMOTE 01-SPIS Rapid Assessment]]
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | SAFEGUARD WATER 01 – Water Requirement Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 01 – Site Date Collection Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | SET UP 01 – PVP Acceptance Test<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | MAINTAIN 01 – Maintenance Checklist<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | SAFEGUARD WATER 02 – Water Management Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | <br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 02 – SPIS Suitability Check Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | SET UP 02- Workmanship Quality Checklist<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | MAINTAIN 02 – Water Application Uniformity Field Guide<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 03 – Solar Pump Sizing<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 04 – Case Study Mr. Paolo<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 05 – Pressure Loss Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 06- Farm Analysis Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 57px;" | DESIGN 07- Simplified Financial Viability Tool<br/>
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| − | | |
| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Overview of Tools</span>''' ===
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| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;"
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(153, 153, 102); width: 198px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''Name'''</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(153, 153, 102); width: 46px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''Type'''</span>
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| − | | style="background-color: rgb(153, 153, 102); width: 481px;" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''Description'''</span>
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | [[:file:PROMOTE 01-SPIS Rapid Assessment.docx|PROMOTE 01-SPIS Rapid Assessment]]
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .doc
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Table of Content for rapid assessment report on status SPIS in target area
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | SAFEGUARD WATER 01 – Water Requirement Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Basic water requirement calculation tools for crops and livestock<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | SAFEGUARD WATER 02 – Water Management Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .doc
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | List of questions to check if the water is managed sustainably<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 01 - Site Data Collection Tool<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Questionnaire of 29 pages to collect technical, organizational
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| − | and financial information on site<br/>
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 02 - SPIS Suitability Check Tool
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Qualitative checklist on suitability of a site for SPIS
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 03 - Pump Sizing Tool
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xlsm
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Excel calculation sheet to calculate pumping head and select pump type
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 04 - Case Study Mr. Paolo
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .doc
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Case study exercise to calculate design parameters and financial viability of a SPIS (Q & A)
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 05 - Pressure Loss Tool
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .doc
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Checklist on pressure losses in the conveyance and irrigation system
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 06- Farm Analysis Tool
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xlsm
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Excel-based financial analysis tool for an agricultural enterprise
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | DESIGN 07- Simplified Financial Viability Calculation
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xlsm
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Simplified Excel-based financial analysis tool for comparing different technologies against agricultural income
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | SET UP 01 - PVP Acceptance Test
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .doc
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Guideline to compare the installed with the actual capacity of the pump
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | SET UP 02- Workmanship Quality Checklist
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Checklist on workmanship quality after installation of a SPIS
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | MAINTAIN 01 – Maintenance Checklist
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | List of questions to check if SPIS is properly maintained
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| − | | style="width: 198px;" | MAINTAIN 02 - Water Application Uniformity Guide
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| − | | style="width: 46px;" | .xls
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| − | | style="width: 481px;" | Background to importance of uniform application of water and instructions to determine the water application uniformity for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, with accompanying calculation sheet
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Technical Glossary</span>''' ===
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| − | *[[SPIS Toolbox - Get Informed - Glossary|Click here to view the glossary]]
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Abbreviations</span>''' ===
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| − | *[[SPIS Toolbox - Abbreviations|Click here to view the glossary]]
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Background & Acknowledgement</span>''' ===
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| − | This manual was developed in an effort to contribute to the goal of the international initiative ‘Powering Agriculture – An Energy Grand Challenge for Development’. It supports the introduction of Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) as one technology option to sustain and increase agricultural production in developing countries. <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS1" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:right; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span>
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| − | | |
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| − | The development of the manual was commissioned by the program ‘Powering Agriculture – Sustainable Energy for Food’ of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development).The manual was developed based on the “Stocktaking and Analysis Report on SPIS” prepared as a result of desk research and case studies in Chile, India, Morocco and Kenya. These were supplemented from exchanges and discussions with stakeholders from the public and private sector, and civil society organizations. The study was carried out in close co-operation with the GIZ sector program Poverty-oriented Basic Energy Services (HERA), which has more than three decades of experience in the field of energy access. The HERA-team provided a wealth of information and was instrumental in the organization and facilitation of the stakeholder workshop in March 2015 and a workshop at FAO in May 2015. The study benefitted from the contact management and facilitation of GIZ Country Offices in Chile, India, Kenya and Morocco. The study team could also largely benefit from support and fruitful discussions with key GIZ staff of the Program for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency in Chile, the Indo-German Energy Program in India, the Energizing Development Kenya Country Program in Kenya and the Program Promoting Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development in Morocco. During the case studies conducted in the four countries, the authors had the opportunity for exchanges and discussions with a large number of representatives of public services related to renewable energies and agriculture. Support to the research and information collection was largely extended by private sector suppliers and service providers in Germany and in the countries selected for case studies. Notably, the companies Lorentz GmbH and Grundfos have supported the study through their international networks.
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| − | Country-based assistance and information was also provided by iEnergia Group (Chile), Claro Energy Pvt. Ltd. (India), Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Tata Power Solar Systems Ltd. (India), Center for Alternative Technologies Ltd. (Kenya), Davies & Shirtliff Ltd. (Kenya), SunCulture Ltd. (Kenya) and AE Photonics Maroc S.a.r.l. (Morocco). The visits to solar-powered irrigation systems in these countries would not have been possible without the support and logistical assistance of these companies. The Delegations of the German Chamber of Commerce in Kenya and Morocco also provided valuable information and facilitated further contacts that were be followed up by the study team. Between May and July 2016, the manual and its tools have been tested in Ghana, Mali and India. We would like to thank the GIZ EnDeV (Ghana), PASSIP/SEWOH (Mali) and IGEN Access (India) programs for their support and initiative to pilot the manual. They enabled us to collect feedback on the manual and the tools and improve them. This second version of the manual and tools is the result of that. Our gratitude goes out to the participants of the workshops and field tests in Tamale, Bamako and Vaishali.
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| − | The authors of the study and the manual gratefully thank all stakeholders for their contributions, comments and support.
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| − | Hamburg & Niedernhausen, October 2016
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Imprint</span>''' ===
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| − | '''Published by''' <br/>
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| − | *Powering Agriculture – An Energy Grand Challenge for Development<br/>
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| − | *Internet: [https://poweringag.org https://poweringag.org]
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| − | <span class="mw-customtoggle-SPIS3" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:right; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">read more</span></span> | |
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| − | '''Production'''<br/>
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| − | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)<br/>
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| − | Project Powering Agriculture – Sustainable Energy for Food Security<br/>
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| − | Registered offices<br/>
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| − | Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Friedrich-Ebert Allee 40<br/>
| + | [[Category:CSS VI]] |
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| − | 53113 Bonn, Germany<br/>
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| − | T +49 228 4460-0<br/>
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| − | F +49 228 4460-1766<br/>
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| − | Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5<br/>
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| − | 65760 Eschborn, Germany<br/>
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| − | T +49 61 96 70-0<br/>
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| − | F +49 61 96 79-1115<br/>
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| − | [mailto:info@giz.de info@giz.de]<br/>
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| − | [http://www.giz.de/ www.giz.de]
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| − | ===== '''Editorial Team''' =====
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| − | *Robert Schultz, GIZ Powering Agriculture<br/>
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| − | *Jan Sass, GFA Consulting Group GmbH (GFA)<br/>
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| − | *Christine Fröhlich, GFA<br/>
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| − | *Andreas Hahn, ah Advice International<br/>
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| − | *Lennart Woltering, GFA<br/>
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| − | *Katja Diembeck, GFA
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| − | <br/>GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. Eschborn, October 2016
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