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| − | | style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Evaluate_the_Business_Environment|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span> | + | | style="width: 150px; background-color: rgb(222, 226, 192);" | <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 90%;">'''[[SPIS Toolbox - Evaluate the Business Environment|►Go to the Next Chapter]]'''</span></span> |
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| | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">2. Evaluate Geophysical Parameters</span>''' === | | === '''<span style="color: rgb(135, 150, 55);">2. Evaluate Geophysical Parameters</span>''' === |
| − | Several geophysical parameters can be used to assess SPIS markets. This module highlights 3 that are crucial to the viability of SPIS applications as discussed in Chapter 1: Land cover-land use, solar irradiation and precipitation (under water availability). If the state of these three parameters is unfavourable in the area under assessment, SPIS is unlikely to be practical. An additional 4 parameters that are key to the market assessment for SPIS are also identified – these do not affect the viability of SPIS; they affect the success of SPIS adoption on a case by case basis. The 7 parameters are expounded on below.
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Crops and Livestock</span>''' ===
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| − | An overview of the prevailing types of crops and/or livestock in the country or region of interest serves to understand which SPIS are most suitable and is also indicative of the market potential for SPIS technology. This is particularly relevant for SPIS system suppliers and entities seeking to promote adoption of SPIS by farmers. This information can be sourced from government ministries in charge of agriculture, global research studies on cultivated areas, FAO databases on crop cultivation among others.<br/>
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| − | Additionally, stakeholders interested in promoting or setting up SPIS schemes can use agro-ecological zones (AEZs) to determine the most suitable crops to be cultivated and animals to be reared in an area. AEZs define areas based on combinations of soil, landform and climatic characteristics and match suitable crops and animals to regions. The zones can also be used to determine the potential yields of the main crops grown within the zone thus helping with income projections of the target market. As discussed under Finance in Chapter 3, access to finance is a key parameter in evaluating a market’s potential for SPIS.<br/>
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| − | The Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ) portal by FAO and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) provide a comprehensive online portal with details on land resources, agro-climatic resources, suitability and potential yield, actual yield and production and yield and production gaps. Stakeholders interested in SPIS can refer to this or similar tools to determine important characteristics that influence the type of crops or livestock in an area.
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Outcome/Product</span>''' ====
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| − | *List of crops grown and animals reared in selected countries or regions<br/>
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| − | *AEZ classification for selected areas<br/>
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| − | *Potential crop/livestock yield within the area of interest
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Data Requirement</span>''' ====
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| − | *Global AEZ by FAO and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">People/Stakeholders</span>''' ====
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| − | *Ministry of Agriculture
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Ambient Temprature</span>''' ====
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| − | As the name suggests, this parameter looks at the temperature of the areas surroundings. This has two main effects on SPIS potential:<br/>
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| − | #affects the efficiency of SPIS and<br/>
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| − | #affects the crops and livestock found in an area.<br/>
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| − | On efficiency of SPIS, temperature is a key factor in the design of pumping systems as it affects the functionality and life span of solar PV equipment. The flow of electricity and the voltage output of solar panels depend linearly on the operating temperature of the panels. Lower temperatures produce reduced resistance to electricity flow resulting in higher voltage outputs; higher temperatures increase resistance and subsequently lead to lower voltage outputs. High ambient temperatures also affect the performance of the system’s inverter by reducing its frequency which in turn reduces its efficiency and the flow rate of the pump.<br/>
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| − | Due to the variability of climate in different regions, most panels do not operate under ideal temperature conditions. To correct this, panels in hotter regions of the world are often designed with cooling systems to keep the panels within certain temperatures. Additionally, PV systems in different temperature environments must be sized to ensure that the output voltage is not too high, which could damage the equipment.<br/>
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| − | The range of crops and livestock that are suitable in an area is often affected by ambient air temperature. Analysis of thermal regimes using agro-ecological zoning discussed in the previous section can reveal crops and livestock suited to a region based on its temperature. This may then inform the need for SPIS for the said region.
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Outcome/Product</span>''' ====
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| − | *Determination of ambient temperatures in potential SPIS markets<br/>
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| − | *Selection of suitable solar technology based on temperature regimes<br/>
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| − | *Determination of suitable crops and livestock based on temperatures
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Data Requirement</span>''' ====
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| − | *Global AEZ by FAO and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">People/Stakeholders</span>''' ====
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| − | *Meteorological service providers
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Important Issues </span>''' ====
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| − | *Panel selection should be done with ambient air temperature in mind to maximize efficiency of the system and to ensure adequate voltage output.
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| − | === '''<span style="color:#879637;">Demographics</span>''' ===
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| − | An understanding of demographic characteristics including population density, age, migration levels and patterns and household income provide additional information when making decisions on potential SPIS markets. These characteristics can be used as proxy indicators of poverty levels, labour availability, prevailing agricultural practices, urban settlements among others.
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| − | This parameter cannot be used standalone, but in combination with other parameters can assist in a deeper understanding of social dynamics and cultural conditions for a target region. For example, as earlier mentioned, coupling topography with poverty levels could help infer market potential. Also, analysis of population density and land cover-land use data could highlight densely populated areas or urban settlements which could be a factor in determining the viability of a potential SPIS market. SPIS sites cannot be in densely populated urban settlements however they could be located close to such areas as they provide market for produce.
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| − | Evaluating demographic characteristics such as household income alongside business parameters such as financing and incidences of poverty can serve to highlight the capability of households to take up SPIS systems.
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Outcome/Product</span>''' ====
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| − | *Correlation of demographic characteristics with SPIS geophysical and business parameters to identify relevant issues in determining potential SPIS markets
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">Data Requirement</span>''' ====
| + | Several geophysical parameters can be used to assess SPIS markets. This module highlights 3 that are crucial to the viability of SPIS applications as discussed in Chapter 1: Land cover-land use, solar irradiation and precipitation (under water availability). If the state of these three parameters is unfavourable in the area under assessment, SPIS is unlikely to be practical. An additional 4 parameters that are key to the market assessment for SPIS are also identified – these do not affect the viability of SPIS; they affect the success of SPIS adoption on a case by case basis. <br/> |
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| − | *Census Reports<br/>
| + | The 7 parameters are expounded on below: |
| − | *Satellite imagery on global population
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| − | ==== '''<span style="color:#879637;">People/Stakeholders</span>''' ====
| + | '''[[SPIS Toolbox - Land Cover|2.1 Land Cover/Land Use]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS Toolbox - Solar Irradiation|2.2 Solar Irradiation]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS Toolbox - Water Availability|2.3 Water Availability]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS Toolbox - Topography|2.4 Topography]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Crops_and_Livestock|2.5 Crops and Livestock]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Ambient_Temperature|2.6 Ambient Temperature]]'''<br/> |
| | + | '''[[SPIS_Toolbox_-_Demographics|2.7 Demographics]]'''<br/> |
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| − | *Government Ministries including Ministries of labour and migration<br/>
| + | {{SPIS Reference}} |
| − | *Statisticians
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