Difference between revisions of "Access to Transport"

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[[Portal:Mobility|► Back to Mobility Portal]]
  
 
= Overview =
 
= Overview =
  
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The world trade is growing – regarding its worth and volume: in 2012 more than 150 million containers were sent, in 2011 the worth of goods was about 18 billion US$. However, in many countries the development is hindered by trade: in basic routs in sub-sahara Africa the prices for freighttransport are as double as high as in the EU or USA – because of cartels, bureaucratic obstacles and lacking infrastructure.<br/>Moreover, lacking access to markets due to poor roads in rural areas as well as postharvest losses slow the agricultural productivity with consequences on food security.
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Social and economic development in rural areas depends on many aspects - the access to transport and transportation services is surely a very significant one. The following article focuses on the importance of transport for rural development regarding its consequences on trade, agricultural production and accessibility of the population.<br/>
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At the same time more than 900 million people lack access to all-weather roads what means no access to markets, medicals or schools, especially during rainy seasons.
 
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This article gives an overview about the challenges regarding access to transport in rural areas, its significance and consequences for rural development and the possible approaches of international cooperation on strengthening the access to transport and rural development.<ref name="Machbarkeitsstudie">Machbarkeitsstudie</ref>
 
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= Challenge: The Lack of Access to Transport =
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= Mobility and Rural Development<br/> =
  
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The following picture gives an overview about the key links between access to transport and rural economic development and food security.[[File:Transport access.jpg|frame|center|900px|Accessing Transport - Key links to food security and economic development]]<br/>In the following, a few regional examples for a clearer view:<br/><u>Access - From Farm to Market:</u>
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Many factors drive economic and social development in rural areas. A factor that is invariably crucial is the access of people living in rural areas to transport infrastructure and services. Without transport, goods and services cannot be brought in sufficient quantity to the people who need them, agricultural products cannot be taken to market, children cannot attend school and those in need of medical attention cannot get to the nearest clinic. A diverse and vibrant exchange between rural areas and conurbations also depends on an effective transport system, as does participation in political and social life. Evaluating the part played by transport in rural development requires a broad perspective that does not merely focus on the rural road network and the accessibility of local markets and basic services but in addition considers the trans-regional links, including import and export corridors and hubs, that are also important for economic development.<br/>
  
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In India, at least 50% of the production of fruits and vegetables is lost due to wastage and value destruction, with lack of adequate transport being one among the multiple causes. Annual costs estimated at 5 billion US$ .(Ahsan 2006, 133)<br/><u>Access - From Small Villages to Rural Towns:</u>
 
  
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More than 900m People worldwide lack access to all-weather roads. The risk of death during giving birth is 36times higher for women in developing countries, not least to the lack of access to medical treatment (WHO 2010)
 
  
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<u>Trade Infrastructure:</u><br/>Average costs for container handling (ship-to-gate) in East Africa are US$135–275, compared to only US$80–154 in the rest of the world (AICD 2008)
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<u>The links between mobility and rural development will be explained more thoroughly within the following articles</u>
  
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<u>Trade Corridors:</u><br/>29 % of total transport costs for getting a truck load of onions from Madaoua, Niger to Accra, Ghana are caused by corruption (Bromley et al 2011)<br/>Landlocked countries in Africa may lose the equivalent of up to 40% of the export on high transport costs (Naudé/Matthee 2007)<ref name="Machbarkeitsstudie">Machbarkeitsstudie</ref><br/>
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[[Access To Basic Services and Accessibility of the Population|1. Access to Basic Services and Accessibility of the Population]]
  
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2. Economic perspective
  
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[[The Perspective of Agricultural Production: Access to Inputs and Markets|2.1 The Perspective of Agricultural production: Access to Inputs and Markets]]<br/>[[Rural-Urban-Linkages|2.2 Rural-Urban-Linkages]]
  
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[[The Role of Trade in Marketing Rural Products|2.3 The Role of Trade in Marketing Rural Products]]
  
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[[The Environment and Safety: Adverse Effects of Transport Infrastructure|3. The Environment and Safety: Adverse Effects of Transport Infrastructure]]
  
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<u>Options for further engagement of the international development cooperation is covered in the following part:</u>
  
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= Mobility and Rural Development =
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1. [[Promoting Rural Development through Mobility|Promoting Rural Development through Mobility]]
  
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Economic and social development in rural areas depend on various factors –a very significant one is surely the access to transport infrastructure and transportation services. Development of the transport sector leads to increase in factor productivity in various sectors by increasing accessibility and reducing transport costs. Without the access to transport an insufficient amount of goods and services is accessible to people as well as agricultural products can't be transported to markets, nor pupils to schools or ill people to hospitals. Moreover, exchange relationsships between rural and urban areas as well as social and political participation depend on an effective transportation system. In this context rural infrastructure and accessibility of local markets as well as interregional linkages of import and export might be considered. <br/>
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<u>The significance of transport will be explained more thouroughly through the following two articles:</u>
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Within the planning process an intensive cooperation between the sectors of transportation and rural development is required. The experience of numerous rural road-building projects has shown that, regrettably, close coordination between transport and rural development experts is rare. Transport promotion measures are not always integrated into the context of spatial or territorial development planning or social infrastructure. Integrated planning of investment in rural development also needs to give greater weight to the medium- and long-term challenges. In the case of infrastructure measures, it is particularly important to consider how maintenance is to be financed.In addition, the likely effects of climate change need to be taken into account in connection with both road building and maintenance.<ref name="Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe.">Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe.</ref><br/>
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#[[Access to Basic Services and Mobility of People|Access to basic services and mobility of people]]
 
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#[[Economic Perspective of Rural Transport: Access to Agricultural Equipment and Markets|Economic Perspective of Rural Transport: Access to Agricultural Equipment and Markets]]<br/>
 
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Within the planning process an intensive cooperation between the sectors of transportation and rural development is required. The aspect of financiation not only regarding the construction, but also the maintainance of transport infrastructure might be considered, if mobility should stay a long term development-enhancing factor. Furthermore, the consequences of climate change are of significance for planning and maintaining road infrastructure.
 
  
 
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The following picture gives an overview about the key links between access to transport and rural economic development and food security.[[File:Transport access.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Accessing Transport - Key links to food security and economic development|alt=Accessing Transport - Key links to food security and economic development]]<br/>In the following, a few regional examples for a clearer view:<br/>'''<u>Access - From Farm to Market:</u>'''<br/>
  
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In India, at least 50% of the production of fruits and vegetables is lost due to wastage and value destruction, with lack of adequate transport being one among the multiple causes. Annual costs estimated at 5 billion US$ .(Ahsan 2006, 133)<br/>
  
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= Environment and Security =
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<br/>'''<u>Access - From Small Villages to Rural Towns:</u>'''
  
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More than 900m People worldwide lack access to all-weather roads. The risk of death during giving birth is 36 times higher for women in developing countries, not least to the lack of access to medical treatment (WHO 2010)
  
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'''<u>Trade Infrastructure:</u>'''<br/>Average costs for container handling (ship-to-gate) in East Africa are US$135–275, compared to only US$80–154 in the rest of the world (AICD 2008)
  
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== Negative Sides of Transport Infrastructure ==
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'''<u>Trade Corridors:</u>'''<br/>29 % of total transport costs for getting a truck load of onions from Madaoua, Niger to Accra, Ghana are caused by corruption (Bromley et al 2011)<br/>Landlocked countries in Africa may lose the equivalent of up to 40% of the export on high transport costs (Naudé/Matthee 2007)<ref name="Machbarkeitsstudie zum Thema Verkehr in der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, im Auftrag des BMZ, GIZ 2013, unveröffentlicht.">Machbarkeitsstudie zum Thema Verkehr in der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, im Auftrag des BMZ, GIZ 2013, unveröffentlicht.</ref><br/>
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The transport sector generates negative externalitie that may have a substantial negative impact on the environment through pollution and congestion, health, safety and other related aspects. Transport infrastructure that<br/>opens up mineral deposits and forest frontiers damages the natural habitat, and reduced forests contribute to the degradation of the environment.<br/>Exhaust emissions from transport operations are among the major sources of pollution. Very often the poor take a heavier burden of the negative externalities. While it may not be possible to avoid such externalities, it is possible to decrease their current level of production and reduce their negative effects through new technologies and other intervention/mitigation measures in the sector. For example, the burden of accident costs on the poor can be reduced significantly by improving road safety standards and achieving the related targets.<ref>http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/MCT2006/Documents/English/MCT_SGO_7E.pdf</ref><br/>
 
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= Approaches for Strengthening Rural Development =
 
  
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= Further Information =
 
= Further Information =
  
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*[[Portal:Mobility|Portal:Mobility]]
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*[[Portal:Mobility|Mobility Portal on energypedia]]
  
 
<br/><u>Further information on Transport and Rural Development:</u><br/>
 
<br/><u>Further information on Transport and Rural Development:</u><br/>
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*Transport Division (TD) & Asian Institute of Transport Development (2000): Impact of Rural Infrastructure Investment. – In: Evaluation of Infrastructural Interventions for Rural Poverty Alleviation. – pp. 29-44: [http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Rural_Poverty_fulltext.pdf www.unescap.org]
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*<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Faiz, A. (2012): The Promise of Rural Roads - Review of the Role of Low-Volume Roads in Rural Connectivity, Poverty Reduction, Crisis Management, and Livability. – The Transportation Research Circular. – No. E-C167. – Washington. </font>[http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/167787.aspx www.trb.org]
  
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Transport Division (TD) & Asian Institute of Transport Development (2000): Impact of Rural Infrastructure Investment. – In: Evaluation of Infrastructural Interventions for Rural Poverty Alleviation. – pp. 29-44: http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/pub_1959/rurpov_ch3.pdf
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*<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="background: transparent">White, P. (2011): Equitable Access - Remote and Rural Communities Transport Needs. – International Transport Forum. – Discussion Paper 2011-19.</span></font>[http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201119.pdf www.internationaltransportforum.org]
  
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<u>Further information on Transport and Poverty Reduction:</u><br/>
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*<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="background: transparent">ILO (2008): Rural Transport, Poverty Reduction and Livelihood Improvement in the Lao PDR. – A Background Paper for Participants of the National Workshop:</span></font>[http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_099618.pdf www.ilo.org]
  
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<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US"></span></font><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="de-DE"></span></font>
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*<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Setboonsarng, S. (2008): The Impact of Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Support Services on Poverty: The Case of Agrarian Reform Communities in the Philippines. – ADB Institute Discussion Paper No. 110. – Japan</font>[http://www.adbi.org/files/dp110.rural.infrastructure.agricultural.support.philippines.pdf www.adbi.org]
  
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= References =
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= <span style="font-size: 21.81818199157715px;  line-height: 30px">References</span> =
  
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[[Category:Mobility]]
 
[[Category:Mobility]]
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[[Category:Transport]]
 
[[Category:Rural_Development]]
 
[[Category:Rural_Development]]

Latest revision as of 11:58, 8 October 2014

► Back to Mobility Portal

Overview

Social and economic development in rural areas depends on many aspects - the access to transport and transportation services is surely a very significant one. The following article focuses on the importance of transport for rural development regarding its consequences on trade, agricultural production and accessibility of the population.


Mobility and Rural Development

Many factors drive economic and social development in rural areas. A factor that is invariably crucial is the access of people living in rural areas to transport infrastructure and services. Without transport, goods and services cannot be brought in sufficient quantity to the people who need them, agricultural products cannot be taken to market, children cannot attend school and those in need of medical attention cannot get to the nearest clinic. A diverse and vibrant exchange between rural areas and conurbations also depends on an effective transport system, as does participation in political and social life. Evaluating the part played by transport in rural development requires a broad perspective that does not merely focus on the rural road network and the accessibility of local markets and basic services but in addition considers the trans-regional links, including import and export corridors and hubs, that are also important for economic development.


The links between mobility and rural development will be explained more thoroughly within the following articles

1. Access to Basic Services and Accessibility of the Population

2. Economic perspective

2.1 The Perspective of Agricultural production: Access to Inputs and Markets
2.2 Rural-Urban-Linkages

2.3 The Role of Trade in Marketing Rural Products

3. The Environment and Safety: Adverse Effects of Transport Infrastructure


Options for further engagement of the international development cooperation is covered in the following part:

1. Promoting Rural Development through Mobility


Within the planning process an intensive cooperation between the sectors of transportation and rural development is required. The experience of numerous rural road-building projects has shown that, regrettably, close coordination between transport and rural development experts is rare. Transport promotion measures are not always integrated into the context of spatial or territorial development planning or social infrastructure. Integrated planning of investment in rural development also needs to give greater weight to the medium- and long-term challenges. In the case of infrastructure measures, it is particularly important to consider how maintenance is to be financed.In addition, the likely effects of climate change need to be taken into account in connection with both road building and maintenance.[1]


The following picture gives an overview about the key links between access to transport and rural economic development and food security.

Accessing Transport - Key links to food security and economic development
Accessing Transport - Key links to food security and economic development


In the following, a few regional examples for a clearer view:
Access - From Farm to Market:

In India, at least 50% of the production of fruits and vegetables is lost due to wastage and value destruction, with lack of adequate transport being one among the multiple causes. Annual costs estimated at 5 billion US$ .(Ahsan 2006, 133)


Access - From Small Villages to Rural Towns:

More than 900m People worldwide lack access to all-weather roads. The risk of death during giving birth is 36 times higher for women in developing countries, not least to the lack of access to medical treatment (WHO 2010)


Trade Infrastructure:
Average costs for container handling (ship-to-gate) in East Africa are US$135–275, compared to only US$80–154 in the rest of the world (AICD 2008)


Trade Corridors:
29 % of total transport costs for getting a truck load of onions from Madaoua, Niger to Accra, Ghana are caused by corruption (Bromley et al 2011)
Landlocked countries in Africa may lose the equivalent of up to 40% of the export on high transport costs (Naudé/Matthee 2007)[2]


Further Information


Further information on Transport and Rural Development:

  • Transport Division (TD) & Asian Institute of Transport Development (2000): Impact of Rural Infrastructure Investment. – In: Evaluation of Infrastructural Interventions for Rural Poverty Alleviation. – pp. 29-44: www.unescap.org


  • Faiz, A. (2012): The Promise of Rural Roads - Review of the Role of Low-Volume Roads in Rural Connectivity, Poverty Reduction, Crisis Management, and Livability. – The Transportation Research Circular. – No. E-C167. – Washington. www.trb.org


  • White, P. (2011): Equitable Access - Remote and Rural Communities Transport Needs. – International Transport Forum. – Discussion Paper 2011-19.www.internationaltransportforum.org


Further information on Transport and Poverty Reduction:

  • ILO (2008): Rural Transport, Poverty Reduction and Livelihood Improvement in the Lao PDR. – A Background Paper for Participants of the National Workshop:www.ilo.org


  • Setboonsarng, S. (2008): The Impact of Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Support Services on Poverty: The Case of Agrarian Reform Communities in the Philippines. – ADB Institute Discussion Paper No. 110. – Japanwww.adbi.org


References

  1. ↑ Schmid, D.; Bartholdi, M.; Moosmann, K; Czeh, A.; Engelskirchen, M.(2013): Improving the Accessibility of Rural Areas – The Contribution of Transport to Rural Development . Eschborn, Germany: GIZ GmbH (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and KfW Bankengruppe.
  2. ↑ Machbarkeitsstudie zum Thema Verkehr in der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, im Auftrag des BMZ, GIZ 2013, unveröffentlicht.


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