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  PicoPv, TV, refrigerators, fans and appliances for productive use: see linked article.

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  Flat rate tariffs, while convenient for both parties do have several downsides that make it unfair for different consumption patterns. The point at which a metered tariff becomes more financially viable than a flat tariff in a mini grid is case-dependent. See link

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  This question have been answered in the "Permissible Voltage Drop" article on energypedia.

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  It is depends on the productive use of the supplied energy. For e.g: If there are multiple Medium Small & Micro Enterprises (MSME's) in a village then access to energy will uplift the economic status of the entire village, but if the productive use is less i.e. only few MSME's are operating then it will benefit the individuals.

This article (link) gives an overview of the economic impacts on individuals and on the community resulting from energy access through different technologies. However, further research is necessary to disclose if positive impact of energy access on a few extends to the others of a newly electrified community.

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  A well-designed tariff structure, which is appropriate to the respective mini-grid, will be able to generate a higher revenue by reducing the numbers of non-payments. See article

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  Find this information @ Solar Water Heaters and Solar Thermal Technologies (see links provided)

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  The direct link between tariff systems and the social dynamics in a village/community however remains relatively untouched. So far, there haven't been studies on that topic. Find possible impacts within the article.

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  The article (link below) provides a thorough research among publications that deal with the topic of usage of schools outside of the regular school days due to access of electricity. As of now (2017), there are no studies that examine the impacts of electricity access of schools on other uses (outside of school main business teaching). Therefore, this article can only be a first attempt in collecting information on who uses electricity in schools after sunset. Please feel free to add your information

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  Extensive list of risks organized in six sub-categories based on literature review and field experience in monitoring. With additional suggestions on how to minimize, mitigate or controll some of the riks during the life cycle of a project.

Explanation on how to prioritize risks according to the dimensions of their probability to occur and their impact potential.

Example of activities that can be carried out during a projects’ preparation as guidance on how to be aware of risks.

List of experiences applying de-risking approaches for rural electrification projects (mini-grids and hydro), as well as further reading about risks management for renewable energy systems.

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  Due to limited capacity, picoPV cannot be used to run high-voltage appliances but can help to generate income by providing services such as mobile phone charging.

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  Today’s different financial approaches have empowerd low-income households to not only base their purchasing decisions on their affordability but on form, functionality and quality of products, among other aspects. For example, when purchasing a product people place a high value to colour. However, in different markets the same colour might have various interpretations and/or associations, in consequence these need to be considered, particularly at the time of entering a new market and/or introducing a new product.

This article explains the concepts of democratic and user-centred design, lists feedback from users on design aspects of Pico PV and cookstoves, and points out a series of questions that have not been addressed yet.

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  Find an overview of the Advantages and Disadvantages of PAYGO. (Furthermore, an article about the PAYGO-"hype".)

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  With the widespread penetration of mobile phones, mobile phone charging will become a priority for many rural consumers. Therefore, PicoPV kits with mobile charging can tap into this market and provide affordable and cheap solutions to the rural consumers. However, the kit needs to be calibrated to function properly with the different mobile phones. Since, lighting is the biggest demand of the rural consumers, there might not be enough charge left for charging the mobile phones and it is necessary to advise the users to charge their phones during the day or to devise picoPV with greater capacity. Also, there is a possiblity for mobile network providers and picoPV suppliers to collaborate together to promote the use of mobile phones via PicoPV kits with mobile charging units.

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  Kerosene is currently the main lighting fuel, used by about 1.2 billion off-grid population of the world. However, kerosene is expensive, is not easily available and has negative effect on consumer’s health. On the other hand, PicoPV products are clean, healthy and cost-effective solution and has the potential to tap into kerosene market and replace it as a lighting fuel. The picoPV products have already begun to tap into the kerosene market. It is however important to research on what are the market barriers for proliferation of picoPV and how to avoid them.

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  See article in the link. Please provide your experiences with the topic!

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  Economies of scales have their limits, and it depends more on who will own the power stations: Experiences from the USA.

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  Only very few studies focus on the loss or change in employment patterns. This article summarises the jobs that are potentially destroyed to energy access.

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  The one article summarises the Economic impact on individuals and community through energy access. while the other one looks into rising inequalities. However, further research is still urgently necessary.

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  In RE technology markets a wide range of business and distribution models can be found accommodating various actors. However, quantitative information on the different income levels is hardly available. Various studies on business models and market analyses exist, yet barely any of these examine income, profit margins or even revenue of the market players in detail. As mentioned above concerning retailers and entrepreneurs at the end of the chains the difficulties of obtaining this particular information are the various income generating activities carried out in parallel as well as the informality of the businesses. Regarding the actors further up the chain which are generally formal larger enterprises the issue here is probably reluctance to share internal information on revenue or profit of the company.

The two links lead to articles that try to summarize what information is available.

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  Find out more Inclusive Energy Distribution Strategies for Energy Access Programmes and Companies

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  Dear Johanna, let me share you the norms edited by AFSEC for African coutries. Best regards. Hary

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  Policies are very important for microhydropower. Find an overview of resource collection at the following link:

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  The maturity of hydro power plants technology as a way of harnessing cleaner energy means that a lot of experience has been gathered in this area. If designed and operated correctly this allows modern hydro power plants to control and prevent flooding as well as produce energy simultaneously. Smaller schemes still meet multiple challenges and have been shown to contribute towards flooding. This is possible due to small hydro’s effect on the bodies of water in the catchment area, changing their sedimentary flow and their cross-sectional areas in turn allowing flooding events to occur more easily. However, when carefully designed small scale hydro power plants do not necessary have to increase the risk of flooding and can in fact even be used to mitigate the risk.

Follow the link for more information as well as for an overview of studies published on this topic.

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  This article discusses the link between energy access and productivity and seeks to determine the specific sectors or entrepreneurs that suffer a lot from lack of energy access and would therefore benefit the most from access to energy.

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  Find out more at Indoor Air Pollution above.

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  Nevertheless, to which extent access to modern energies truly impacts poverty reduction and entrepreneurial success remains unclear. Especially in rural areas the evaluation of the effective benefits of energy access is intricate. The productive uses of energy could certainly help to reach these goals, as many examples attest. However, systematic evidence of these outcomes and impacts is still limited and questions remain: Which complementary services are necessary to establish productive uses? Do productive uses of energy contribute to social and economic development? Why do many energy projects fall short to establish productive activities? Is there a tipping point for the amount of energy that will have the greatest impact? Which “productive” activities should be supported, and who will benefit?

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  Find our more about 5 types of Crowdfunding options and the role it may play for financing energy access projects.

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  Not according to a position paper from various authors in Oct 2016: Beyond coal: more coal will enrich poverty see

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  See this article on NAMAs and how they relate to energy topics

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  This articles summarises the definitions, dynamics and feasabilty of community power projects. Furthermore, it explains what type of support is need to scale up community power outreach. Examples are the German Energy Transition and the initiative to bring those experiences into project development in Africa.

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  Find definition and relation to Energy Access in the following articles:

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  As of now (2017), there are no studies that examine the impacts of electricity access of schools on other uses (outside of school main business teaching). Therefore, this article can only be a first attempt in collecting information on who uses electricity in schools after sunset.

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  Find out more at Affordability of grid electricity

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