Difference between revisions of "Cooking Energy Matrix"

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{{ESDS:Link to Portal}}
 
{{ESDS:Link to Portal}}
  
This Cooking Energy Matrix is an outcome of the Webinar Series on Access to Energy for Cooking in Displacement Settings. It aims to provide a brief overview of the different cooking fuels and their related opportunities and hurdles for scaling up. It does not aim to be a comprehensive resource but is rather targeted to provide a snapshot and start the conversation around the different topics.
+
== COOKING ENERGY MATRIX ==
 +
Cooking Energy Matrix is an outcome of the [[Webinar on Cooking Energy in Displacement Settings|'''Webinar Series on Access to Energy for Cooking in Displacement Settings''']]. It aims to provide a brief overview of the different cooking fuels and their related opportunities and hurdles for scaling up. It does not aim to be a comprehensive resource but is rather targeted at practitioners and policy makers who want to get a quick snapshot of each cooking fuel and technology.
  
 +
<div id="tabs">
 +
*[[#Wood|Wood]]
 +
*[[#Charcoal|Charcoal]]
 +
*[[#Pellets|Pellets/Briquettes]]
 +
*[[#Ethanol|Ethanol]]
 +
*[[#Biogas|Biogas]]
 +
*[[#LPG|LPG]]
 +
*[[#Electricity|Electricity]]
 +
 +
<div id="Wood">
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"  
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Summary'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Availability & Cost'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Stoves/Appliances'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Health, Safety and Environment'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Opportunities'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" | '''Limitations'''
+
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Biomass and  Biomass-based Fuels'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biomass and  Biomass-based Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Wood'''
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Wood'''
 
|-
 
|-
|Firewood is a traditional cooking  fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the  burning of wood can flavour foods
+
| [[Cooking with Firewood|'''Firewood''']] is a traditional cooking  fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the  burning of wood can flavour foods
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[File:PT-Fogao melhorado a lenha-Pedro Caixote.JPG|200px]]
 
|<nowiki>- Firewood not always available to  displaced communities</nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Firewood not always available to  displaced communities</nowiki>
  
- Where readily available, firewood  can be collected at high environmental cost and social cost (friction with  the community, gender-based violence while collecting etc.)
 
  
- Where demand for firewood is high and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high  
+
- Where readily available, firewood  can be collected at high environmental cost and social cost ([[Energy Access for Refugees|friction with  the community, gender-based violence while collecting]] etc.)
  
- Firewood bans are becoming a popular tool to reduce deforestation
+
- Where demand for firewood is high  and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high  
  
 
- Where firewood bans are in place,  it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black  market
 
- Where firewood bans are in place,  it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black  market
|Stove Types:  
+
|'''Stove Types''':  
  
 
- Three Stone Fire, Improved Mud  Stove, Improved Cookstoves
 
- Three Stone Fire, Improved Mud  Stove, Improved Cookstoves
  
Availability and  Costs:
+
'''Availability and  Costs''':
  
- Three stone fires are open fires and although they have no financial cost.
+
- Three stone fires are open fires  
  
- Improved mud stoves can be produced  relatively cheaply where appropriate clay soils are readily available and thus,  likely to achieve higher adoption. They provide Tier performance and have  room for further efficiency improvement to achieve quality standards for  clean cooking.
 
  
(see MTF framework below).
+
- Improved mud stoves can be produced  relatively cheaply where appropriate clay soils are readily available.  They provide generally Tier 2-3 performance and have room for further efficiency improvement to achieve higher quality standards for clean cooking. (see [[Cooking Energy Matrix#Multi-Tier_Framework_for_Cooking|MTF framework below]])  
  
  
Line 49: Line 61:
 
- Uncontrolled exploitation of firewood  can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation
 
- Uncontrolled exploitation of firewood  can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation
  
- Competing demands for a limited  resource can lead to friction between the host and displaced communities  
+
- Competing demands for a limited  resource can lead to friction between the host and displaced communities
  
- In instances where biomass is non-renewably  collected, improved cookstoves can contribute positively to climate change by reducing the emissions.
+
- In instances where biomass is non-renewably  collected, improved cookstoves can contribute to climate change by reducing the firewood demand and associated indoor air pollution
  
 
|<nowiki>-  Improved cookstoves are more available than alternative clean cook stoves in  most contexts </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>-  Improved cookstoves are more available than alternative clean cook stoves in  most contexts </nowiki>
Line 57: Line 69:
 
- Many  commercially made improved cookstoves are more efficient than three-stone  fires and some (Tier 4) also meet most of the international quality  standards  
 
- Many  commercially made improved cookstoves are more efficient than three-stone  fires and some (Tier 4) also meet most of the international quality  standards  
  
- Improved cookstoves have relatively  lower price and higher uptake compared to alternative clean cookstoves
+
 
 +
- Improved cookstoves have relatively  lower price and this drives their higher adoption as compared to alternative clean cookstoves
 
|<nowiki>- Most  improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking,  particularly if used improperly </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Most  improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking,  particularly if used improperly </nowiki>
  
-  Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are  unsustainably grown and collected  
+
-  Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are  unsustainably grown and collected
  
-  Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently  it is impossible to quantify their impact  
+
-  Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently  it is impossible to quantify their impact
  
 
- Although sustainably managed wood lots are  possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards  to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety (this  includes households, businesses and institutions)
 
- Although sustainably managed wood lots are  possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards  to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety (this  includes households, businesses and institutions)
 +
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div id="Charcoal">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biomass and  Biomass-based Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Charcoal'''
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Charcoal'''
 
|-
 
|-
| Charcoal is a traditional cooking  fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the burning of charcoal can flavour foods
+
| '''[[Cooking with Charcoal|Charcoal]]''' is a traditional cooking  fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the burning of charcoal can flavour foods
 +
[[File:Charcoal 9.jpg| 200px]]
  
 
Heat from the burning of charcoal is  transferred through radiation (not convection as with firewood) so requires a  different stove design from that associated to firewood stoves
 
Heat from the burning of charcoal is  transferred through radiation (not convection as with firewood) so requires a  different stove design from that associated to firewood stoves
 
|<nowiki>- Charcoal is not always available to  displaced communities</nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Charcoal is not always available to  displaced communities</nowiki>
  
- Where readily available, charcoal  can be purchased relatively cheaply  
+
- Where readily available, charcoal  can be purchased relatively cheaply
  
- Where demand for charcoal is high  and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high  
+
- Where demand for charcoal is high  and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high
  
 
- Charcoal bans are becoming an  increasingly popular tool to reduce deforestation (incl. In displacement  settings)
 
- Charcoal bans are becoming an  increasingly popular tool to reduce deforestation (incl. In displacement  settings)
  
 
- Where charcoal bans are in place,  it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black  market
 
- Where charcoal bans are in place,  it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black  market
| Stove Types:  
+
| '''Stove Types''':  
  
- Traditional Charcoal Stove,  Improved Cookstoves  
+
- [[Charcoal Cookstoves|Traditional Charcoal Stove,  Improved Cookstoves]] 
  
Availability and  Costs:
+
'''Availability and  Costs''':
 +
 
 +
- Improved cookstoves can be produced  locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply, although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved
 +
 
 +
[[File:Mbaula.png|190x190px]]
  
- Improved cookstoves can be produced  locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply,  although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved
 
 
|<nowiki>- Cookstoves with a low tier of  performance can lead to high levels of indoor pollution and associated health  concerns</nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Cookstoves with a low tier of  performance can lead to high levels of indoor pollution and associated health  concerns</nowiki>
  
- Use of charcoal stoves in poorly ventilated shelters can lead to death though the build-up of carbon monoxide
+
 
 +
- Use of charcoal stoves in poorly ventilated shelters can lead to death though the build-up of carbon monoxide
  
 
- Uncontrolled production of charcoal  can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation
 
- Uncontrolled production of charcoal  can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation
  
- In instances where charcoal is not produced in a sustainable manner, improved cookstoves can contribute to climate change
+
 
 +
- In instances where charcoal is not produced in a sustainable manner, improved cookstoves can contribute to climate change by reducing the charcoal demand and associated indoor air pollution.
 
|<nowiki>-  Improved cookstoves are widely available in most contexts </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>-  Improved cookstoves are widely available in most contexts </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Most  improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking,  particularly if used improperly </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Most  improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking,  particularly if used improperly </nowiki>
  
-  Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are  unsustainably collected  
+
-  Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are  unsustainably collected
  
-  Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently  it is impossible to quantify their impact  
+
-  Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently  it is impossible to quantify their impact
  
 
- Although sustainably produced charcoal is  possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards  to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety
 
- Although sustainably produced charcoal is  possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards  to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div id="Pellets">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Pellets / Briquettes'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
| Pellets and briquettes are the result  of compacting loose biomass (including charred biomass) into a uniform  product, which may require the addition of a binder, to achieve energy  densification (less volume for the same amount of energy output)
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Pellets/Briquettes'''
 +
|-
 +
| '''[[Biomass Briquettes – Production and Marketing|Pellets and briquettes]]''' are the result  of compacting loose biomass (including charred biomass) into a uniform  product, which may require the addition of a binder, to achieve energy  densification (less volume for the same amount of energy output)
 +
 
 +
[[File:Figure 2 pellets.jpg|200px]]
 
|<nowiki>- Pellets and briquettes may not be  readily available in displacement contexts </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Pellets and briquettes may not be  readily available in displacement contexts </nowiki>
  
- Pellets and briquettes may not be the cheapest source of cooking energy and may require some form of subsidy to make them an ‘affordable’ solution  
+
 
|Stove Types:  
+
- Pellets and briquettes may not be the cheapest source of cooking energy and may require some form of subsidy to make them an ‘affordable’ solution  
 +
 
 +
|'''Stove Types''':  
  
 
Improved Cookstoves, Gasification  Stove  
 
Improved Cookstoves, Gasification  Stove  
  
Availability and  Costs:
+
'''Availability and  Costs:'''
  
 
- Improved cookstoves can be produced  locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply,  although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved
 
- Improved cookstoves can be produced  locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply,  although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved
 
|<nowiki>- Can produce less smoke than other  biomass fuels but this is dependent on the raw materials, quality of  production and the type of stove used  </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Can produce less smoke than other  biomass fuels but this is dependent on the raw materials, quality of  production and the type of stove used  </nowiki>
|<nowiki>- There is an opportunity to use waste biomass or sustainable wood supplies to manufacture pellets and briquettes</nowiki>
+
| - There is an opportunity to use waste biomass or sustainable wood supplies to manufacture pellets and briquettes
 
|<nowiki>- Pellets and briquettes can be  difficult to light and be reused once extinguished </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Pellets and briquettes can be  difficult to light and be reused once extinguished </nowiki>
  
- Grant based small scale briquetting  activities in displacement settings rarely result in meaningful impact and  are only sustainable with ongoing grant commitments
 
  
- May require the development of a supply chain to the displacement setting  
+
- Grant based small scale briquetting activities in displacement settings rarely result in meaningful impact and  are only sustainable with ongoing grant commitments 
 +
 
 +
- May require the development of a supply chain to the displacement setting  
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div id="Ethanol">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biomass and  Biomass-based Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Ethanol'''
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Ethanol'''
 
|-
 
|-
|Ethanol is an alcohol fuel distilled from a variety of biomass feedstock, usually  produced in liquid or gel form
+
|'''[[Cooking with Ethanol and Methanol|Ethanol]]''' is an alcohol fuel distilled from a variety of biomass feedstock, usually  produced in liquid or gel form
 +
 
 +
[[File:Ethanol_stove.png|200px]]
 
|<nowiki>- Ethanol may not be readily  available in displacement contexts </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- Ethanol may not be readily  available in displacement contexts </nowiki>
  
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- Sugar cane and molasses are the  most common and economical sources of ethanol
 
- Sugar cane and molasses are the  most common and economical sources of ethanol
|Stove Types:  
+
 
 +
|'''Stove Types:'''
  
 
- Ethanol Burner
 
- Ethanol Burner
  
Availability and  Costs:
 
  
-Availability limited to contexts  where ethanol for cooking is already established  
+
'''Availability and  Costs:'''
 +
 
 +
-Availability limited to contexts  where ethanol for cooking is already established
  
 
- Simple design and can be made  relatively cheaply
 
- Simple design and can be made  relatively cheaply
|<nowiki>- Can be  manufactured from renewable primary products, however, poor land management associated to fuel crops can lead to environmental degradation </nowiki>
+
| - Can be  manufactured from renewable primary products, however, poor land management associated to fuel crops can lead to environmental degradation  
  
- Fuel  crops can occupy land previously associated to food production or biodiversity  
+
 
 +
- Fuel  crops can occupy land previously associated to food production or biodiversity  
  
 
- Clean combustion with negligible  emissions and no soot
 
- Clean combustion with negligible  emissions and no soot
Line 150: Line 220:
  
 
- May  require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas  stoves  
 
- May  require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas  stoves  
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div id="Biogas">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biomass and  Biomass-based Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biogas'''
 
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Biogas'''
 
|-
 
|-
|Biogas is produced from agricultural, food and/or  human waste through processes of anaerobic digestion
+
|'''[[Portal:Biogas|Biogas]]''' is produced from agricultural, food and/or  human waste through processes of anaerobic digestion
|<nowiki>- it is particularly viable in rural areas where sufficient feedstock is available</nowiki>
+
 
 +
[[File:417-Hivos-min.jpg|200px]]
 +
| - it is particularly viable in rural areas where sufficient feedstock is available
 +
 
 +
 
 +
- Biogas systems require intensive  upkeep and maintenance, which is labour intensive and requires skilled knowhow
  
- Biogas systems require intensive  upkeep and maintenance, which is labour intensive and requires skilled local knowhow  for its maintenance.
 
  
- Such systems have high investment costs though more affordable DIY or ready-made solutions also exist  
+
- Such systems have high investment costs though more affordable DIY or pre-fabricated bio-digesters also exist  
|Stove Types:  
+
|'''Stove Types:'''
  
 
- Biogas Burner
 
- Biogas Burner
  
Availability and  Costs:
 
  
- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply
+
'''Availability and  Costs:'''
 +
 
 +
- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply
 
|<nowiki>-  Biogas is clean and, if feedstock processes are managed correctly, safe for  users </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>-  Biogas is clean and, if feedstock processes are managed correctly, safe for  users </nowiki>
  
 
-  Reduces reliance on firewood and charcoal, which can reduce the impacts of  deforestation  
 
-  Reduces reliance on firewood and charcoal, which can reduce the impacts of  deforestation  
|<nowiki>-  Biogas systems can contribute to circular economies and can incorporate sanitation management strategies </nowiki>
+
| -  Biogas systems can contribute to circular economies and can incorporate sanitation management strategies  
  
 
-  Biogas produces fertiliser as a by-product which is a sought-after  co-benefit  
 
-  Biogas produces fertiliser as a by-product which is a sought-after  co-benefit  
|<nowiki>- Ideally for households with agricultural and livestock. Could also support community cooking activities </nowiki>
+
| - Ideally for households with agricultural and/or livestock. Could also support community cooking activities  
  
 
- Cultural norms might limit the  acceptance of handling raw materials and cooking from the generated gas
 
- Cultural norms might limit the  acceptance of handling raw materials and cooking from the generated gas
  
- Biogas systems need a significant  initial water input to produce gas  
+
- Biogas systems need a significant  initial water input to produce gas
  
 
- Biogas systems require a continuous  supply of suitable feedstock, which is a challenge to procure or produce
 
- Biogas systems require a continuous  supply of suitable feedstock, which is a challenge to procure or produce
Line 182: Line 270:
 
-  The biodigester needs a  certain temperature and contamination needs to be avoided for continuous  biogas generation
 
-  The biodigester needs a  certain temperature and contamination needs to be avoided for continuous  biogas generation
  
- May require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas  stoves
+
 
 +
- May require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas  stoves
 +
|}
 +
</div>
 +
<div id="LPG">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Fossil  Fuels'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;" |'''Fossil  Fuels'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)'''
 
|-
 
|-
|A by-product of natural gas and oil extraction, can be supplied to kitchens in cylinders, providing a convenient cooking fuel  which increasingly features in government policies to transition from biomass fuels
+
|A by-product of natural gas and oil extraction, '''[[LPG for cooking|LPG]]''' can be supplied to kitchens in cylinders, providing a convenient cooking fuel  which increasingly features in government policies to transition from biomass fuels
 +
[[File:Malta_-_Mdina_-_Triq_San_Pawl_04_ies.jpg|200px]]
 
|<nowiki>- In many contexts, LPG can be prohibitively  expensive for low-income households, especially without subsidy </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- In many contexts, LPG can be prohibitively  expensive for low-income households, especially without subsidy </nowiki>
  
- The cost of LPG is influenced by  production and supply chain costs, economies of scale and domestic energy  policies (e.g., subsidies)  
+
- The cost of LPG is influenced by  production and supply chain costs, economies of scale and domestic energy  policies (e.g., subsidies)
  
- In some contexts the monthly costs associated  to cooking may be cheaper with LPG than traditional fuels, however, the  initial cost of the stove and deposit on the first cylinder may be prohibitive
+
- In some contexts the monthly costs associated  to cooking may be cheaper with LPG than traditional fuels, however, the  initial cost of the stove and deposit on the first cylinder may be prohibitive
|Stove Types:  
+
|'''Stove Types:'''
  
 
- Gas Burner
 
- Gas Burner
  
Availability and  Costs:
 
  
- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply
+
'''Availability and  Costs:'''
 +
 
 +
- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply
 
|<nowiki>- LPG is a clean fuel, which emits lower GHG  emissions than biomass fuels </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- LPG is a clean fuel, which emits lower GHG  emissions than biomass fuels </nowiki>
  
- There are safety concerns associated to the use  of LPG if not stored or used correctly  
+
- There are safety concerns associated to the use  of LPG if not stored or used correctly
  
- LPG is a clean-burning fuel that emits less CO<sub>2</sub> compared to other biomass fuels and thus, contributes to climate change  
+
- LPG is a clean-burning fuel that emits less CO<sub>2</sub> compared to other biomass fuels and thus, contributes to climate change  
 
|<nowiki>- LPG stoves are convenient to use, efficient and  fast </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- LPG stoves are convenient to use, efficient and  fast </nowiki>
  
- LPG is easy to store in bottles and transported from the production centre to the consumers
+
 
 +
- LPG is easy to store in bottles and transport from the production centre to the market. However, the gas cylinders are heavy and can pose a transport challenge for reaching the rural households. Households might have  to pay extra for the transport deterring adoption.
 
|<nowiki>- LPG is dependent on a reliable distribution  network, which is a challenge in remote and rural areas </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- LPG is dependent on a reliable distribution  network, which is a challenge in remote and rural areas </nowiki>
  
- LPG is a finite, fossil fuel resource  
+
- LPG is a finite, fossil fuel resource
  
 
- Initial cost of buying a gas stove and cylinder  can pose financial challenges
 
- Initial cost of buying a gas stove and cylinder  can pose financial challenges
 
+
|}
- Since the gas cylinders are heavy and bulky,  can pose transport challenges for the rural household. Households might have  to pay extra for the transport deterring adoption.
+
</div>
 +
<div id="Electricity">
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-  
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Summary'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Availability & Cost'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Stoves/Appliances'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Health, Safety and Environment'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Opportunities'''
 +
| style="background:#27811d; color:#ffffff; text-align:center;" |'''Limitations'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Fossil,  Nuclear or Renewable (dependent on energy input)'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#bc2a5d; color:#ffffff;"  |'''Fossil,  Nuclear or Renewable (dependent on energy input)'''
 
|-
 
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;"|'''Electricity'''
+
| colspan="6" style="background:#2596be; color:#ffffff;" |'''Electricity'''
 
|-
 
|-
|Cooking with electricity has become increasingly  feasible in parts of the Global South, and remains a key potential solution to move to entirely renewable cooking systems.
+
|'''[[BLEENS - Biogas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Electricity, Ethanol, Natural Gas, and Solar|Cooking with electricity]]''' has become increasingly  feasible in parts of the Global South, and remains a key potential solution to move to entirely renewable cooking systems.
 +
 
  
 
Cooking with electricity can be facilitated  through both grid connected and off-grid solar systems
 
Cooking with electricity can be facilitated  through both grid connected and off-grid solar systems
 +
 +
 +
[[File:Electric_coil_stoves.png|200px]]
 +
 
|<nowiki>- While in some contexts it is cheaper than  charcoal, it can be expensive in rural locations, especially compared to  collecting free biomass </nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- While in some contexts it is cheaper than  charcoal, it can be expensive in rural locations, especially compared to  collecting free biomass </nowiki>
|Appliances:  
+
|'''Appliances:'''
  
- Cooking Ring, Hot Plate, Electric  Pressure Cooker, Infrared Stove, Coil Stove, etc   
+
- Cooking Ring, Hot Plate, Electric  Pressure Cooker, Infrared Stove, Induction Stove, Coil Stove, etc   
  
Availability and  Costs:
+
 
 +
'''Availability and  Costs:'''
  
 
- Relatively expensive but costs are  dropping
 
- Relatively expensive but costs are  dropping
  
- Costs can be integrated into pay as you go electricity services, which may be affordable on a monthly basis but does increase the overall cost of the product  
+
 
|<nowiki>- Cooking with electricity is clean  </nowiki>
+
- Costs can be integrated into pay as you go electricity services, which may be affordable on a monthly basis but does increase the overall cost of the product  
 +
| - Cooking with electricity is clean  
 +
 
  
 
- If generated from renewable sources, this  method emits very few GHG
 
- If generated from renewable sources, this  method emits very few GHG
Line 246: Line 366:
 
|<nowiki>- E-cooking often depends upon reliable and  accessible grid or off-grid electricity infrastructure</nowiki>
 
|<nowiki>- E-cooking often depends upon reliable and  accessible grid or off-grid electricity infrastructure</nowiki>
  
- May require energy storage in off-grid settings  which can be costly  
+
- May require energy storage in off-grid settings  which can be costly
 +
 
 +
- May require behavioural change and training  where users unfamiliar with e-cooking appliances such as EPCs, rice cookers,  etc. 
  
- May require behavioural change and training  where users unfamiliar with e-cooking appliances such as EPCs, rice cookers,  etc.
+
- Requires an ecosystem of after-sales repair and maintenance services as well as availability of spare parts for continuous usage
 
|}
 
|}
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
= Multi-Tier Framework for Cooking=
 +
The [[Global Tracking Framework for Measuring Energy Access|'''Multi-Tier Framework (MTF)''']], developed by the World Bank provides a framework for monitoring and evaluating the impact of clean cooking solutions using a multi-dimensional spectrum that ranges from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (highest level of access). Most of the improved stoves fall within Tier 2-3 category and some industrially produced improved cookstoves and other modern clean cooking solutions (eg. ecooking, LPG, ethanol..) fall under Tier 4 and above<ref>ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. Available at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526</ref>.
 +
 +
The figure below provides an overview of the different Tier systems<ref>Yabei Zhang, World Bank on LinkedIn (July 2021):https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6825865579006623745/</ref>.
 +
 +
[[File:MTF_cooking.jpg|alt=|800px]]
 +
 +
</div>
 +
 +
== Further Resources ==
 +
 +
* [[Webinar on Cooking Energy in Displacement Settings]]
 +
* [[Portal:Improved Cooking]] on energypedia
 +
* [[Humanitarian Energy Knowledge Hub]]
 +
* [[Global Tracking Framework for Measuring Energy Access]]
 +
* [[Why cooking fuels are a protection issue]]
 +
* [[Potentials of Biomass Cooking Fuel Production in Displacement Settings]]
 +
* [[User-Centered Design in Humanitarian Energy Projects]]
 +
 +
== Reference ==
 +
This Cooking Energy Matrix is developed by the Cooking Energy Taskforce comprising of [[Energy Solutions for Displacement Settings|GIZ ESDS]], [https://www.humanitarianenergy.org/ UNITAR/GPA], [https://www.unhcr.org/ UNHCR] and [https://mecs.org.uk/ MECS].
 +
</div>
 +
[[Category:Cooking Energy]]
 +
[[Category:Wood Energy]]
 +
[[Category:Woodfuel]]
 +
[[Category:Biogas]]
 +
[[Category:Biomass]]
 +
[[Category:E-Cooking]]
 +
[[Category:Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)]]
 +
[[Category:Improved Cooking]]
 +
[[Category:Cookstoves]]
 +
[[Category:Cooking Fuels]]
 +
[[Category:Humanitarian Energy]]
 +
[[Category:ESDS]]
 +
 +
__NOTOC__
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__NOTITLE__

Latest revision as of 14:48, 25 July 2023



COOKING ENERGY MATRIX

Cooking Energy Matrix is an outcome of the Webinar Series on Access to Energy for Cooking in Displacement Settings. It aims to provide a brief overview of the different cooking fuels and their related opportunities and hurdles for scaling up. It does not aim to be a comprehensive resource but is rather targeted at practitioners and policy makers who want to get a quick snapshot of each cooking fuel and technology.

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels
Wood
Firewood is a traditional cooking fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the burning of wood can flavour foods


PT-Fogao melhorado a lenha-Pedro Caixote.JPG

- Firewood not always available to displaced communities


- Where readily available, firewood can be collected at high environmental cost and social cost (friction with the community, gender-based violence while collecting etc.)

- Where demand for firewood is high and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high

- Where firewood bans are in place, it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black market

Stove Types:

- Three Stone Fire, Improved Mud Stove, Improved Cookstoves

Availability and Costs:

- Three stone fires are open fires


- Improved mud stoves can be produced relatively cheaply where appropriate clay soils are readily available. They provide generally Tier 2-3 performance and have room for further efficiency improvement to achieve higher quality standards for clean cooking. (see MTF framework below)


- Improved cookstoves can be produced locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply, although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved

- Collection of firewood can put women and children at risk of sexual gender-based violence

- Cookstoves with a low tier of performance causes high levels of indoor air pollution and associated health concerns (e.g. respiratory diseases, eye irritation, etc.)

- Cooking on open fire poses risk of burns and fires

- Uncontrolled exploitation of firewood can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation

- Competing demands for a limited resource can lead to friction between the host and displaced communities

- In instances where biomass is non-renewably collected, improved cookstoves can contribute to climate change by reducing the firewood demand and associated indoor air pollution

- Improved cookstoves are more available than alternative clean cook stoves in most contexts

- Many commercially made improved cookstoves are more efficient than three-stone fires and some (Tier 4) also meet most of the international quality standards  


- Improved cookstoves have relatively lower price and this drives their higher adoption as compared to alternative clean cookstoves

- Most improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking, particularly if used improperly

- Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are unsustainably grown and collected

- Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently it is impossible to quantify their impact

- Although sustainably managed wood lots are possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety (this includes households, businesses and institutions)

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels
Charcoal
Charcoal is a traditional cooking fuel, culturally accepted in many contexts and the smoke produced from the burning of charcoal can flavour foods

Charcoal 9.jpg

Heat from the burning of charcoal is transferred through radiation (not convection as with firewood) so requires a different stove design from that associated to firewood stoves

- Charcoal is not always available to displaced communities

- Where readily available, charcoal can be purchased relatively cheaply

- Where demand for charcoal is high and there is limited availability, cost can be relatively high

- Charcoal bans are becoming an increasingly popular tool to reduce deforestation (incl. In displacement settings)

- Where charcoal bans are in place, it may be unavailable or relatively expensive as sold through the black market

Stove Types:

- Traditional Charcoal Stove, Improved Cookstoves

Availability and Costs:

- Improved cookstoves can be produced locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply, although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved

Mbaula.png

- Cookstoves with a low tier of performance can lead to high levels of indoor pollution and associated health concerns


- Use of charcoal stoves in poorly ventilated shelters can lead to death though the build-up of carbon monoxide

- Uncontrolled production of charcoal can lead to deforestation and environmental degradation


- In instances where charcoal is not produced in a sustainable manner, improved cookstoves can contribute to climate change by reducing the charcoal demand and associated indoor air pollution.

- Improved cookstoves are widely available in most contexts - Most improved cookstoves do not meet the quality standard for clean cooking, particularly if used improperly

- Improved cookstoves are dependent on biomass fuel sources, many of which are unsustainably collected

- Handcrafted cookstoves cannot guarantee quality standards, and consequently it is impossible to quantify their impact

- Although sustainably produced charcoal is possible, the size of the land required is generally prohibitive with regards to meeting the demands of a displaced community in its entirety

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels
Pellets/Briquettes
Pellets and briquettes are the result of compacting loose biomass (including charred biomass) into a uniform product, which may require the addition of a binder, to achieve energy densification (less volume for the same amount of energy output)

Figure 2 pellets.jpg

- Pellets and briquettes may not be readily available in displacement contexts


- Pellets and briquettes may not be the cheapest source of cooking energy and may require some form of subsidy to make them an ‘affordable’ solution

Stove Types:

Improved Cookstoves, Gasification Stove

Availability and Costs:

- Improved cookstoves can be produced locally or are available from international suppliers relatively cheaply, although generally costs increase as higher quality standards are achieved

- Can produce less smoke than other biomass fuels but this is dependent on the raw materials, quality of production and the type of stove used  - There is an opportunity to use waste biomass or sustainable wood supplies to manufacture pellets and briquettes - Pellets and briquettes can be difficult to light and be reused once extinguished


- Grant based small scale briquetting activities in displacement settings rarely result in meaningful impact and are only sustainable with ongoing grant commitments

- May require the development of a supply chain to the displacement setting

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels
Ethanol
Ethanol is an alcohol fuel distilled from a variety of biomass feedstock, usually produced in liquid or gel form

Ethanol stove.png

- Ethanol may not be readily available in displacement contexts

- The cost of ethanol is influenced by production and supply chain costs and economies of scale

- Sugar cane and molasses are the most common and economical sources of ethanol

Stove Types:

- Ethanol Burner


Availability and Costs:

-Availability limited to contexts where ethanol for cooking is already established

- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply

- Can be manufactured from renewable primary products, however, poor land management associated to fuel crops can lead to environmental degradation


- Fuel crops can occupy land previously associated to food production or biodiversity  

- Clean combustion with negligible emissions and no soot

- Ethanol can be affordable in contexts with appropriate supply ecosystems - May require the development of a supply chain to the displacement setting

- May require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas stoves

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Biomass and Biomass-based Fuels
Biogas
Biogas is produced from agricultural, food and/or human waste through processes of anaerobic digestion

417-Hivos-min.jpg

- it is particularly viable in rural areas where sufficient feedstock is available


- Biogas systems require intensive upkeep and maintenance, which is labour intensive and requires skilled knowhow


- Such systems have high investment costs though more affordable DIY or pre-fabricated bio-digesters also exist

Stove Types:

- Biogas Burner


Availability and Costs:

- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply

- Biogas is clean and, if feedstock processes are managed correctly, safe for users

- Reduces reliance on firewood and charcoal, which can reduce the impacts of deforestation

- Biogas systems can contribute to circular economies and can incorporate sanitation management strategies

- Biogas produces fertiliser as a by-product which is a sought-after co-benefit

- Ideally for households with agricultural and/or livestock. Could also support community cooking activities

- Cultural norms might limit the acceptance of handling raw materials and cooking from the generated gas

- Biogas systems need a significant initial water input to produce gas

- Biogas systems require a continuous supply of suitable feedstock, which is a challenge to procure or produce

-  The biodigester needs a certain temperature and contamination needs to be avoided for continuous biogas generation


- May require behavioural change if users unfamiliar with or hesitant towards gas stoves

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Fossil Fuels
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
A by-product of natural gas and oil extraction, LPG can be supplied to kitchens in cylinders, providing a convenient cooking fuel which increasingly features in government policies to transition from biomass fuels

Malta - Mdina - Triq San Pawl 04 ies.jpg

- In many contexts, LPG can be prohibitively expensive for low-income households, especially without subsidy

- The cost of LPG is influenced by production and supply chain costs, economies of scale and domestic energy policies (e.g., subsidies)

- In some contexts the monthly costs associated to cooking may be cheaper with LPG than traditional fuels, however, the initial cost of the stove and deposit on the first cylinder may be prohibitive

Stove Types:

- Gas Burner


Availability and Costs:

- Simple design and can be made relatively cheaply

- LPG is a clean fuel, which emits lower GHG emissions than biomass fuels

- There are safety concerns associated to the use of LPG if not stored or used correctly

- LPG is a clean-burning fuel that emits less CO2 compared to other biomass fuels and thus, contributes to climate change

- LPG stoves are convenient to use, efficient and fast


- LPG is easy to store in bottles and transport from the production centre to the market. However, the gas cylinders are heavy and can pose a transport challenge for reaching the rural households. Households might have to pay extra for the transport deterring adoption.

- LPG is dependent on a reliable distribution network, which is a challenge in remote and rural areas

- LPG is a finite, fossil fuel resource

- Initial cost of buying a gas stove and cylinder can pose financial challenges

Summary Availability & Cost Stoves/Appliances Health, Safety and Environment Opportunities Limitations
Fossil, Nuclear or Renewable (dependent on energy input)
Electricity
Cooking with electricity has become increasingly feasible in parts of the Global South, and remains a key potential solution to move to entirely renewable cooking systems.


Cooking with electricity can be facilitated through both grid connected and off-grid solar systems


Electric coil stoves.png

- While in some contexts it is cheaper than charcoal, it can be expensive in rural locations, especially compared to collecting free biomass Appliances:

- Cooking Ring, Hot Plate, Electric Pressure Cooker, Infrared Stove, Induction Stove, Coil Stove, etc 


Availability and Costs:

- Relatively expensive but costs are dropping


- Costs can be integrated into pay as you go electricity services, which may be affordable on a monthly basis but does increase the overall cost of the product

- Cooking with electricity is clean

 

- If generated from renewable sources, this method emits very few GHG

- Minimal to no emission of pollutants which makes cooking environment clean

- It is fast, safe, convenient and, very efficient with appliances such as electric pressure cookers

- Electric cooking (e-cooking) appliances are increasingly more energy efficient, making cooking with them competitive with alternatives in some contexts

- Relatively fast electrification process in many countries is opening up opportunities for e-cooking

- E-cooking often depends upon reliable and accessible grid or off-grid electricity infrastructure

- May require energy storage in off-grid settings which can be costly

- May require behavioural change and training where users unfamiliar with e-cooking appliances such as EPCs, rice cookers, etc.

- Requires an ecosystem of after-sales repair and maintenance services as well as availability of spare parts for continuous usage

Multi-Tier Framework for Cooking

The Multi-Tier Framework (MTF), developed by the World Bank provides a framework for monitoring and evaluating the impact of clean cooking solutions using a multi-dimensional spectrum that ranges from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (highest level of access). Most of the improved stoves fall within Tier 2-3 category and some industrially produced improved cookstoves and other modern clean cooking solutions (eg. ecooking, LPG, ethanol..) fall under Tier 4 and above[1].

The figure below provides an overview of the different Tier systems[2].

Further Resources

Reference

This Cooking Energy Matrix is developed by the Cooking Energy Taskforce comprising of GIZ ESDS, UNITAR/GPA, UNHCR and MECS.


  1. ESMAP, n.d. Multi-Tier Framework for Measuring Energy Access. Available at: https://www.esmap.org/node/55526
  2. Yabei Zhang, World Bank on LinkedIn (July 2021):https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6825865579006623745/